2018Proceedings Article ER5 Auteurs : Asfour, Sarah; Tittelein, Pierre; Zalewski, Laurent Dynamic study efficiency of the use of phase change materials integrated on the ceiling of a community hall Dans: 12th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (PCM 2018), Orford, Quebec, Canada, 2018, (ACTI). Résumé @inproceedings{asfour_dynamic_2018,
title = {Dynamic study efficiency of the use of phase change materials integrated on the ceiling of a community hall},
author = {Sarah Asfour and Pierre Tittelein and Laurent Zalewski},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-05-01},
booktitle = {12th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (PCM 2018)},
address = {Orford, Quebec, Canada},
abstract = {In this article, we study the influence of the insertion of a phase change materials (PCMs) in the ceiling of a community hall on its comfort during the summer period. This study was realized using a dynamic thermal simulation of the building using a modelica library (BuildSysPro). Initially, we have defined materials used for the building including the characteristics of the phase change material used (thermal conductivity, melting temperature, specific heat capacity, latent heat and density). We have tested two configurations: insertion of a layer of PCM mortar and incorporation of PCM in rock wool ceiling tiles. We study the influence of the over-ventilation during night on these two cases. By comparing the simulation results during summer, we have noticed that the over-ventilation during night has a significant influence in reducing the inner temperature of the building. The insertion of PCM in a layer of ceiling tiles didn’t have a significant efficiency contrary to the insertion of a layer of PCM mortar. Secondly, we have optimized the PCM characteristics in order to achieve more comfort during summer.},
note = {ACTI},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In this article, we study the influence of the insertion of a phase change materials (PCMs) in the ceiling of a community hall on its comfort during the summer period. This study was realized using a dynamic thermal simulation of the building using a modelica library (BuildSysPro). Initially, we have defined materials used for the building including the characteristics of the phase change material used (thermal conductivity, melting temperature, specific heat capacity, latent heat and density). We have tested two configurations: insertion of a layer of PCM mortar and incorporation of PCM in rock wool ceiling tiles. We study the influence of the over-ventilation during night on these two cases. By comparing the simulation results during summer, we have noticed that the over-ventilation during night has a significant influence in reducing the inner temperature of the building. The insertion of PCM in a layer of ceiling tiles didn’t have a significant efficiency contrary to the insertion of a layer of PCM mortar. Secondly, we have optimized the PCM characteristics in order to achieve more comfort during summer. |
2018Proceedings Article ER5 Auteurs : Leang, Enghok; Tittelein, Pierre; Zalewski, Laurent; Lassue, Stéphane Impact de l’utilisation d’un mur solaire composite intégrant des matériaux à changement de phase sur le comportement thermique d’une maison individuelle Dans: Journée nationale sur l'énergie solaire, Villeurbanne, Rhône, France, 2018, (COM). Résumé @inproceedings{leang_impact_2018,
title = {Impact de l’utilisation d’un mur solaire composite intégrant des matériaux à changement de phase sur le comportement thermique d’une maison individuelle},
author = {Enghok Leang and Pierre Tittelein and Laurent Zalewski and Stéphane Lassue},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-06-01},
booktitle = {Journée nationale sur l'énergie solaire},
address = {Villeurbanne, Rhône, France},
abstract = {Avec la forte réduction des besoins de chauffage des bâtiments, l’utilisation de murs solaires prend tout son sens. L’un des freins à leur développement réside dans le fait qu’ils doivent être réalisés sur chantier par des entreprises spécialisées à cause du mur stockeur qui est en maçonnerie. Pour éviter ce problème et permettre de construire des murs solaires préfabriqués en usine, on peut imaginer de remplacer le mur en maçonnerie par un mur plus léger intégrant des matériaux à changement de phase (MCP).
On cherchera dans cette étude à montrer l’impact de l’utilisation d’un mur solaire intégrant des MCP sur le comportement thermique d’une maison individuelle et la réduction des consommations énergétiques. Le matériau utilisé pour le mur dans une première approche est un mortier intégrant des microbilles commerciales de MCP. On cherchera ensuite à optimiser les caractéristiques de ce MCP pour réduire au maximum les besoins de chauffage du logement.},
note = {COM},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Avec la forte réduction des besoins de chauffage des bâtiments, l’utilisation de murs solaires prend tout son sens. L’un des freins à leur développement réside dans le fait qu’ils doivent être réalisés sur chantier par des entreprises spécialisées à cause du mur stockeur qui est en maçonnerie. Pour éviter ce problème et permettre de construire des murs solaires préfabriqués en usine, on peut imaginer de remplacer le mur en maçonnerie par un mur plus léger intégrant des matériaux à changement de phase (MCP).
On cherchera dans cette étude à montrer l’impact de l’utilisation d’un mur solaire intégrant des MCP sur le comportement thermique d’une maison individuelle et la réduction des consommations énergétiques. Le matériau utilisé pour le mur dans une première approche est un mortier intégrant des microbilles commerciales de MCP. On cherchera ensuite à optimiser les caractéristiques de ce MCP pour réduire au maximum les besoins de chauffage du logement. |
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Sghiouri, Haitham; Mezrhab, Ahmed; Karkri, Mustapha; Naji, Hassane Shading devices optimization to enhance thermal comfort and energy performance of a residential building in Morocco Dans: J. Building Engineering, vol. 18, p. 292 - 302, 2018, ISSN: 2352-7102, (ACL). Résumé | Liens @article{SGHIOURI2018292,
title = {Shading devices optimization to enhance thermal comfort and energy performance of a residential building in Morocco},
author = {Haitham Sghiouri and Ahmed Mezrhab and Mustapha Karkri and Hassane Naji},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352710217306605},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.03.018},
issn = {2352-7102},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {J. Building Engineering},
volume = {18},
pages = {292 - 302},
abstract = {Morocco's building sector accounts for about 25% of the country's total energy consumption, including 18% for residential and 7% for the services sector. This energy consumption is expected to raise due to the significant rise of household equipment rate in HVAC facilities mainly air-conditioners. This work presents a methodology combining single-objective optimization and building energy simulation, applied to the study of the effect of optimized overhangs, aimed at improving thermal comfort of a typical two-storey Moroccan existing building in three different climates of Marrakech, Casablanca and Oujda. The optimization has been performed using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). Optimal and benchmark cases are compared regarding the percentage of annual discomfort, cooling demand and heating demand. The results show that the thermal comfort is improved, and the optimized overhangs reduce the cooling demand by 4.1% for Casablanca's mediterranean climate, which exhibits no contradiction between improvements in thermal comfort and performance.},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Morocco's building sector accounts for about 25% of the country's total energy consumption, including 18% for residential and 7% for the services sector. This energy consumption is expected to raise due to the significant rise of household equipment rate in HVAC facilities mainly air-conditioners. This work presents a methodology combining single-objective optimization and building energy simulation, applied to the study of the effect of optimized overhangs, aimed at improving thermal comfort of a typical two-storey Moroccan existing building in three different climates of Marrakech, Casablanca and Oujda. The optimization has been performed using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). Optimal and benchmark cases are compared regarding the percentage of annual discomfort, cooling demand and heating demand. The results show that the thermal comfort is improved, and the optimized overhangs reduce the cooling demand by 4.1% for Casablanca's mediterranean climate, which exhibits no contradiction between improvements in thermal comfort and performance. |
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Koufi, Lounes; Cherif, Yassine; Younsi, Zohir; Naji, Hassane Double-Diffusive Natural Convection in a Mixture-Filled Cavity with Walls' Opposite Temperatures and Concentrations Dans: Heat Transfer Eng., vol. 0, no. 0, p. 1-18, 2018, (ACL). Liens @article{doi:10.1080/01457632.2018.1460928,
title = {Double-Diffusive Natural Convection in a Mixture-Filled Cavity with Walls' Opposite Temperatures and Concentrations},
author = {Lounes Koufi and Yassine Cherif and Zohir Younsi and Hassane Naji},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01457632.2018.1460928},
doi = {10.1080/01457632.2018.1460928},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Heat Transfer Eng.},
volume = {0},
number = {0},
pages = {1-18},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Yehya, Alissar; Naji, Hassane Towards the simulation of supercooling and convection in phase change materials using a thermal lattice Boltzmann method Dans: Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics, vol. 18, no. 5, p. 289-299, 2018, (ACL). Résumé | Liens @article{doi:10.1504/PCFD.2018.094618,
title = {Towards the simulation of supercooling and convection in phase change materials using a thermal lattice Boltzmann method},
author = {Alissar Yehya and Hassane Naji},
url = {https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/PCFD.2018.094618},
doi = {10.1504/PCFD.2018.094618},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics},
volume = {18},
number = {5},
pages = {289-299},
abstract = {The use of phase-change materials (PCM) in building materials is becoming increasingly used in the building sector. However, the presence of certain phenomena such as convection and supercooling may affect the fusion times and, consequently, the design of PCMs. Supercooling can have a noteworthy impact on the system performance. Moreover, convection alters the shape of the phase-front and should also be taken into account. Thereby, we propose here a thermal lattice Boltzmann model (TLBM) to simulate the phase-change problem with convection and supercooling. The numerical findings show that convection and supercooling phenomena are successfully taken into consideration. In addition, where appropriate, supercooling results exhibit a delay for the propagation of the solid-liquid interface. This proves that consideration of such a phenomenon in numerical modelling remains paramount for better design of PCM design.},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The use of phase-change materials (PCM) in building materials is becoming increasingly used in the building sector. However, the presence of certain phenomena such as convection and supercooling may affect the fusion times and, consequently, the design of PCMs. Supercooling can have a noteworthy impact on the system performance. Moreover, convection alters the shape of the phase-front and should also be taken into account. Thereby, we propose here a thermal lattice Boltzmann model (TLBM) to simulate the phase-change problem with convection and supercooling. The numerical findings show that convection and supercooling phenomena are successfully taken into consideration. In addition, where appropriate, supercooling results exhibit a delay for the propagation of the solid-liquid interface. This proves that consideration of such a phenomenon in numerical modelling remains paramount for better design of PCM design. |
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Braikia, Mohamed; Khelil, Ali; Naji, Hassane; Loukarfi, Larbi An experimental investigation of interacting swirling multiple jets Dans: Thermal Science, 2018, ISSN: 0354-9836, (ACL). Résumé | Liens @article{doi:10.2298/TSCI180604247B,
title = {An experimental investigation of interacting swirling multiple jets},
author = {Mohamed Braikia and Ali Khelil and Hassane Naji and Larbi Loukarfi},
url = {http://thermalscience.vinca.rs},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI180604247B},
issn = {0354-9836},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Thermal Science},
abstract = {This article deals with the experimental investigation of multiple interacting jets, which may be interested in many engineering applications such as design of a ventilation supply device. The main objective of this study is to achieve the best configuration for use in ventilation applications. To achieve this, several parameters have been considered and discussed such as the imbalance in temperature and diffuser orifices position with relative imbalance in flow rate between central and peripheral jets. Flow rate has been adjusted at Reynolds numbers Re0, ranging from 104 to 3.104. The present study is carried out under uniform heat flux condition for each diffuser, and air is used as a working fluid. Experiences concerning the fusion of several jets show that the resulting jet is clearly more homogenized under the influence of the central swirling jet. Highlights of such an investigation show that, if the relative position of the central jet is higher, the radial spreading of the resultant jet is more important when all jets are in the same plane. This spreading is also improved compared to the case where the relative position of the peripheral jets is higher, thereby allowing to process a large volume of air. In addition, it becomes attractive to operate, especially when we aim premises homogenization.},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This article deals with the experimental investigation of multiple interacting jets, which may be interested in many engineering applications such as design of a ventilation supply device. The main objective of this study is to achieve the best configuration for use in ventilation applications. To achieve this, several parameters have been considered and discussed such as the imbalance in temperature and diffuser orifices position with relative imbalance in flow rate between central and peripheral jets. Flow rate has been adjusted at Reynolds numbers Re0, ranging from 104 to 3.104. The present study is carried out under uniform heat flux condition for each diffuser, and air is used as a working fluid. Experiences concerning the fusion of several jets show that the resulting jet is clearly more homogenized under the influence of the central swirling jet. Highlights of such an investigation show that, if the relative position of the central jet is higher, the radial spreading of the resultant jet is more important when all jets are in the same plane. This spreading is also improved compared to the case where the relative position of the peripheral jets is higher, thereby allowing to process a large volume of air. In addition, it becomes attractive to operate, especially when we aim premises homogenization. |
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Koufi, Lounes; Younsi, Zohir; Naji, Hassane Computational of the wind velocity effect on infiltration rates in an individual building using multi-zone airflow model Dans: Int. J. Ventilation, vol. 0, no. 0, p. 1-18, 2018, (ACL). Résumé | Liens @article{doi:10.1080/14733315.2018.1431359,
title = {Computational of the wind velocity effect on infiltration rates in an individual building using multi-zone airflow model},
author = {Lounes Koufi and Zohir Younsi and Hassane Naji},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14733315.2018.1431359},
doi = {10.1080/14733315.2018.1431359},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Int. J. Ventilation},
volume = {0},
number = {0},
pages = {1-18},
publisher = {Taylor & Francis},
abstract = {This paper presents and discusses numerical simulation of the wind velocity's effect on infiltration rates in an individual building using multi-zone modelling. The governing equations are expressed in terms of unknown pressures at points where flow paths connect. Their implementation was achieved using an advanced numerical model, which was developed via the MATLAB environment. Such a numerical approach has been validated through available results. A good agreement has been observed between available data and our study's results. Moreover, the model implemented allows to determine the reference pressure in each zone to compute the air infiltration rate by each connection. To perform this, a large range of input data is needed. These include leakage characteristics of airflow elements, wind pressure coefficients, and ventilation system characteristics. To sum up, it is found that the wind velocity increase produces a strongly variation on computed infiltration rates.},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper presents and discusses numerical simulation of the wind velocity's effect on infiltration rates in an individual building using multi-zone modelling. The governing equations are expressed in terms of unknown pressures at points where flow paths connect. Their implementation was achieved using an advanced numerical model, which was developed via the MATLAB environment. Such a numerical approach has been validated through available results. A good agreement has been observed between available data and our study's results. Moreover, the model implemented allows to determine the reference pressure in each zone to compute the air infiltration rate by each connection. To perform this, a large range of input data is needed. These include leakage characteristics of airflow elements, wind pressure coefficients, and ventilation system characteristics. To sum up, it is found that the wind velocity increase produces a strongly variation on computed infiltration rates. |
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Bennia, Abderazak; larbi Loukarfi,; Khelil, Ali; Mohamadi, Said; Braikia, Mohamed; Naji, Hassane Experimental and numerical investigation of a turbulent lobed diffuser jet: application to residential comfort Dans: Mechanics & Industry, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 104, 2018, (ACL). Résumé | Liens @article{refId0b,
title = {Experimental and numerical investigation of a turbulent lobed diffuser jet: application to residential comfort},
author = {Abderazak Bennia and larbi Loukarfi and Ali Khelil and Said Mohamadi and Mohamed Braikia and Hassane Naji},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1051/meca/2016078},
doi = {10.1051/meca/2016078},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Mechanics & Industry},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {104},
abstract = {In this work, we present an experimental and numerical study of a turbulent jet from a lobed diffuser, applied to residential comfort. The main aim is the improvement of the air diffusion efficiency, of the ventilation driving flow in the occupancy zone, with least cost. The experiments have been conducted in a room where the dimensions enable a better execution in the conditions of free and hot vertical jet at unfavorable pushing forces. The room has been isolated from the environment during experiments. The temperature difference between the jet and the environment has been controlled by readjusting the blowing jet temperature. Consequently, the jet's Archimedes number is kept constant during tests. The installation includes a hot air blowing diffuser oriented from top to bottom. The temperatures and velocities of the flow have been measured by a multi-functional thermo-anemometer. The probe is supported by a stem that is guided vertically and horizontally in order to sweep a maximum space. The numerical study has been carried out using the Fluent code (V.6). The numerical results obtained with the turbulence model (RNG k-ε) turned out to be in a good accordance with the experimental results.},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In this work, we present an experimental and numerical study of a turbulent jet from a lobed diffuser, applied to residential comfort. The main aim is the improvement of the air diffusion efficiency, of the ventilation driving flow in the occupancy zone, with least cost. The experiments have been conducted in a room where the dimensions enable a better execution in the conditions of free and hot vertical jet at unfavorable pushing forces. The room has been isolated from the environment during experiments. The temperature difference between the jet and the environment has been controlled by readjusting the blowing jet temperature. Consequently, the jet's Archimedes number is kept constant during tests. The installation includes a hot air blowing diffuser oriented from top to bottom. The temperatures and velocities of the flow have been measured by a multi-functional thermo-anemometer. The probe is supported by a stem that is guided vertically and horizontally in order to sweep a maximum space. The numerical study has been carried out using the Fluent code (V.6). The numerical results obtained with the turbulence model (RNG k-ε) turned out to be in a good accordance with the experimental results. |
2018Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Qabbal, Loubna; Younsi, Zohir; Naji, Hassane Indoor air quality investigation in a ventilated demonstrator building via a smart sensor 39th AIVC conference - Smart ventilation for Buildings, AIVC AIVC, Antibes Juan - les-Pins, France, 2018, (ACTI). @conference{Qabba2018a,
title = {Indoor air quality investigation in a ventilated demonstrator building via a smart sensor},
author = {Loubna Qabbal and Zohir Younsi and Hassane Naji},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-09-01},
booktitle = {39th AIVC conference - Smart ventilation for Buildings},
publisher = {AIVC},
address = {Antibes Juan - les-Pins, France},
organization = {AIVC},
note = {ACTI},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2018Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Qabbal, Loubna; Labat, Lucille; Naji, Hassane; Younsi, Zohir; Talon, Sabrina Numerical and experimental identfcaton of factors influencing the pressure homogeneity during an airtghtness test in a large building 39th AIVC conference - Smart ventilation for Buildings, AIVC AIVC, Antibes Juan - les-Pins, France, 2018, (ACTI). @conference{Qabba2018b,
title = {Numerical and experimental identfcaton of factors influencing the pressure homogeneity during an airtghtness test in a large building},
author = {Loubna Qabbal and Lucille Labat and Hassane Naji and Zohir Younsi and Sabrina Talon},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-09-01},
booktitle = {39th AIVC conference - Smart ventilation for Buildings},
publisher = {AIVC},
address = {Antibes Juan - les-Pins, France},
organization = {AIVC},
note = {ACTI},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2018Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Qabbal, Loubna; Younsi, Zohir; Naji, Hassane Indoor Air Quality measurements in a tertially building vai a smart sensor connected toa Raspberry card: Apllication to a demonstrator building Int. Conference on Sustainability in Energy and Buildings (SEB-18), http://seb-18.kesinternational.org/ KES International, 2018, (ACTI). @conference{Qabba2018c,
title = {Indoor Air Quality measurements in a tertially building vai a smart sensor connected toa Raspberry card: Apllication to a demonstrator building},
author = {Loubna Qabbal and Zohir Younsi and Hassane Naji},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-06-01},
booktitle = {Int. Conference on Sustainability in Energy and Buildings (SEB-18)},
publisher = {KES International},
organization = {http://seb-18.kesinternational.org/},
note = {ACTI},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2018Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Qabbal, Loubna; Younsi, Zohir; Naji, Hassane Towards measuring indoor air quality and hygrothermal comfort with a smart sensor”, “Measurements of indoor air quality (IAQ) and hygrothermal comfort by a smart sensor Int. Symposium, Individual Air Sensors: Innovation or revolution?, Appa & PC2A Univ. Lille http://lille2018.appa.asso.fr/, Lille, France., 2018, (ACTI). @conference{Qabba2018d,
title = {Towards measuring indoor air quality and hygrothermal comfort with a smart sensor”, “Measurements of indoor air quality (IAQ) and hygrothermal comfort by a smart sensor},
author = {Loubna Qabbal and Zohir Younsi and Hassane Naji},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-11-01},
booktitle = {Int. Symposium, Individual Air Sensors: Innovation or revolution?},
publisher = {http://lille2018.appa.asso.fr/},
address = {Lille, France.},
organization = {Appa & PC2A Univ. Lille},
note = {ACTI},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Beaupere, Noé; Soupremanien, U; Zalewski, Laurent Nucleation triggering methods in supercooled phase change materials (PCM), a review Dans: Thermochimica Acta, 2018, ISSN: 0040-6031, (ACL). Résumé | Liens @article{beaupere_nucleation_2018,
title = {Nucleation triggering methods in supercooled phase change materials (PCM), a review},
author = {Noé Beaupere and U Soupremanien and Laurent Zalewski},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040603118304544},
doi = {10.1016/j.tca.2018.10.009},
issn = {0040-6031},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
urldate = {2018-10-15},
journal = {Thermochimica Acta},
abstract = {Supercooling is an undesired property of phase change materials due to the poorly predictable occurrence of crystallization during cooling. For such situations, the stored latent heat cannot be recovered which can be an issue for temperature-controlled applications. This review illustrates the techniques used for triggering crystallization in phase change materials having a supercooling property. The development of triggering devices should constitute a breakthrough for heat on demand applications, as heat can be released even when the temperature drops far below the liquidus temperature. Several techniques appear to be promising for nucleation triggering. They have been classified into two categories: passive (reduction of supercooling) or active (triggering of crystallization on demand) devices. They were accurately investigated for water freezing for: meteorological comprehension, food preservation or the pharmaceutical industry. In this paper, several nucleating agents (passive) have been explored, and most of them, added by 1 wt%, can decrease the supercooling degree by more than 90%. In addition, the heat would be immediately released on demand from a supercooled material by the use of seeding or electrofreezing (active methods). Solidification can also be externally triggered by the application of high pressure or ultrasonic waves (active). In addition to the analysis of the efficiency of the different techniques in terms of supercooling reduction, this review also discusses the solidification process at a microscopic scale.},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Supercooling is an undesired property of phase change materials due to the poorly predictable occurrence of crystallization during cooling. For such situations, the stored latent heat cannot be recovered which can be an issue for temperature-controlled applications. This review illustrates the techniques used for triggering crystallization in phase change materials having a supercooling property. The development of triggering devices should constitute a breakthrough for heat on demand applications, as heat can be released even when the temperature drops far below the liquidus temperature. Several techniques appear to be promising for nucleation triggering. They have been classified into two categories: passive (reduction of supercooling) or active (triggering of crystallization on demand) devices. They were accurately investigated for water freezing for: meteorological comprehension, food preservation or the pharmaceutical industry. In this paper, several nucleating agents (passive) have been explored, and most of them, added by 1 wt%, can decrease the supercooling degree by more than 90%. In addition, the heat would be immediately released on demand from a supercooled material by the use of seeding or electrofreezing (active methods). Solidification can also be externally triggered by the application of high pressure or ultrasonic waves (active). In addition to the analysis of the efficiency of the different techniques in terms of supercooling reduction, this review also discusses the solidification process at a microscopic scale. |
2018Proceedings Article ER5 Auteurs : Beaupere, Noé; Soupremanien, Ulrich; ZALEWSKI, Laurent Solidification monitoring of supercooled phase change materials Dans: 12th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (PCM 2018), Orford (Québec), Canada, 2018. Résumé | Liens @inproceedings{beaupere_solidification_2018,
title = {Solidification monitoring of supercooled phase change materials},
author = {Noé Beaupere and Ulrich Soupremanien and Laurent ZALEWSKI},
doi = {10.18462/iir.pcm.2018.0022},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
booktitle = {12th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (PCM 2018)},
volume = {PAPER ID: 0022},
address = {Orford (Québec), Canada},
abstract = {Salt hydrates are often used as heat storage materials according to their interesting thermal properties (high latent and specific heat). Their main drawback is their large supercooling, where the material may remain liquid below its melting point. However, this property should be turned into a benefit if a reliable way of triggering crystallization is developed, as heat could be released on demand. Sodium Acetate Trihydrate (SAT, CH3COONa.3H2O), which can exhibit 90K of supercooling, was used for this study. For a better understanding of how heat is released after crystallization triggering, caused by seeding, a fully new method was developed to measure the samples’ opacification, using a HeNe laser (633 nm) coupled with a photodetector, measuring the solid fraction thanks to the difference between liquid and solid specular transmittance. This technique was compared with temperature measurement and image processing, showing consistency between the different methods.},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Salt hydrates are often used as heat storage materials according to their interesting thermal properties (high latent and specific heat). Their main drawback is their large supercooling, where the material may remain liquid below its melting point. However, this property should be turned into a benefit if a reliable way of triggering crystallization is developed, as heat could be released on demand. Sodium Acetate Trihydrate (SAT, CH3COONa.3H2O), which can exhibit 90K of supercooling, was used for this study. For a better understanding of how heat is released after crystallization triggering, caused by seeding, a fully new method was developed to measure the samples’ opacification, using a HeNe laser (633 nm) coupled with a photodetector, measuring the solid fraction thanks to the difference between liquid and solid specular transmittance. This technique was compared with temperature measurement and image processing, showing consistency between the different methods. |
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Colli, Carolina; Bataille, Alain; Antczak, Emmanuel; Buyle-Bodin, François Life Cycle Assessment of a French Single-Family House Refurbishment: The “Bat-Eco2” Case Study Dans: Procedia CIRP 25th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) Conference Copenhagen, Denmark, vol. 69, p. 160 - 165, 2018, ISSN: 2212-8271, (ACTI). Résumé | Liens @article{COLLI2018160,
title = {Life Cycle Assessment of a French Single-Family House Refurbishment: The “Bat-Eco2” Case Study},
author = {Carolina Colli and Alain Bataille and Emmanuel Antczak and François Buyle-Bodin},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212827117308120},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.11.043},
issn = {2212-8271},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-04-01},
journal = {Procedia CIRP 25th CIRP Life Cycle Engineering (LCE) Conference Copenhagen, Denmark},
volume = {69},
pages = {160 - 165},
abstract = {This paper presents the methodological choices and the results of a complete life cycle assessment (LCA) carried out on a case study of building refurbishment. The LCA case study refers to the Bat-Eco2 French project which considers both environmental and economic performance of the refurbishment single-family house, located in the North of France. The LCA methodology is compliant with EN 15978, detailing the refurbishment life cycle stages, i.e. products, construction processes, use and end of life. The functional unit and the system boundaries are presented and discussed. A reference service period of 50 years was used. The construction product and equipment lifetimes were drawn from the social landlord data. The modeling was performed using Simapro v. 8.3.0.0 software, with Ecoinvent database v. 3.3 and ILCD environmental impact indicators. Energy consumption and water consumption were taken into account in the use stage along with replacements and maintenance. The main contributors to the environmental burden correspond to construction products and equipment, replacement and energy consumption. The related potential impact contributions range from 66% to 94% for most environmental indicators. Focusing on climate change indicator of the construction product, two thirds of this impact category come from three contributing construction materials which are the ground insulating EPS, the ground and wall ceramic tiles and the PVC windows frames. As for contribution of the replacements, it comes from window frames, from front door and inside doors, and from replacements of the boilers. Natural gas energy vector contributes mainly to use stage impacts. The reliability of those results are strengthened by uncertainty analysis. Hotspots are dependent both on the chosen reference study period of 50 years and on the product and equipment lifetimes.},
note = {ACTI},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper presents the methodological choices and the results of a complete life cycle assessment (LCA) carried out on a case study of building refurbishment. The LCA case study refers to the Bat-Eco2 French project which considers both environmental and economic performance of the refurbishment single-family house, located in the North of France. The LCA methodology is compliant with EN 15978, detailing the refurbishment life cycle stages, i.e. products, construction processes, use and end of life. The functional unit and the system boundaries are presented and discussed. A reference service period of 50 years was used. The construction product and equipment lifetimes were drawn from the social landlord data. The modeling was performed using Simapro v. 8.3.0.0 software, with Ecoinvent database v. 3.3 and ILCD environmental impact indicators. Energy consumption and water consumption were taken into account in the use stage along with replacements and maintenance. The main contributors to the environmental burden correspond to construction products and equipment, replacement and energy consumption. The related potential impact contributions range from 66% to 94% for most environmental indicators. Focusing on climate change indicator of the construction product, two thirds of this impact category come from three contributing construction materials which are the ground insulating EPS, the ground and wall ceramic tiles and the PVC windows frames. As for contribution of the replacements, it comes from window frames, from front door and inside doors, and from replacements of the boilers. Natural gas energy vector contributes mainly to use stage impacts. The reliability of those results are strengthened by uncertainty analysis. Hotspots are dependent both on the chosen reference study period of 50 years and on the product and equipment lifetimes. |
2018Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Colli, Carolina; Bataille, Alain; Buyle-Bodin, François Aiming at a practical tool assessing residential building refurbishment project using LCA and LCC: the Bat-Eco2 Project Actions for a sustainable world from theory to practice, vol. ISBN 978-88-943228-1-1, 2018, (ACTI). @conference{,
title = {Aiming at a practical tool assessing residential building refurbishment project using LCA and LCC: the Bat-Eco2 Project},
author = {Carolina Colli and Alain Bataille and François Buyle-Bodin},
editor = {ISDRS 2018 Conference},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
booktitle = {Actions for a sustainable world from theory to practice},
volume = {ISBN 978-88-943228-1-1},
note = {ACTI},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2018Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Antczak, Emmanuel; Asli, Mounir; Brachelet, Franck; Brue, Flore; Defer, Didier Etude du comportement hygrothermique d’anas de lin utilisés comme isolant en vrac de combles perdus Conférence IBPSA France 2018, Bordeaux 2018, (ACTN). @conference{,
title = {Etude du comportement hygrothermique d’anas de lin utilisés comme isolant en vrac de combles perdus},
author = {Emmanuel Antczak and Mounir Asli and Franck Brachelet and Flore Brue and Didier Defer},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
booktitle = {Conférence IBPSA France 2018},
organization = {Bordeaux},
note = {ACTN},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2018Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Brachelet, Franck; Lapeyronnie, Damien; Antczak, Emmanuel; Pallix, Didier Etude du comportement hygrothermique d'un habitat neuf construit en pierre naturelle Journées nationales de maçonnerie, Iffstar Marne la Vallee 2018, (ACTN). @conference{,
title = {Etude du comportement hygrothermique d'un habitat neuf construit en pierre naturelle},
author = {Franck Brachelet and Damien Lapeyronnie and Emmanuel Antczak and Didier Pallix},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-02-01},
booktitle = {Journées nationales de maçonnerie},
organization = {Iffstar Marne la Vallee},
note = {ACTN},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Kenaï, Mohamed-Amine; Libessart, Laurent; Lassue, Stéphane; Defer, Didier Impact of plants occultation on energy balance: Experimental study Dans: Energy and Buildings, vol. 162, p. 208 - 218, 2018, ISSN: 0378-7788. Résumé | Liens @article{KENAI2018208,
title = {Impact of plants occultation on energy balance: Experimental study},
author = {Mohamed-Amine Kenaï and Laurent Libessart and Stéphane Lassue and Didier Defer},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778817325495},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.12.024},
issn = {0378-7788},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Energy and Buildings},
volume = {162},
pages = {208 - 218},
abstract = {This paper presents the results of the validation of an experimental method for studying the thermal benefits of green façades. The main aim is to evaluate the impact of plants occultation on energy performance of a vertical wall in the temperate climate of the city of Lille in northern France. An experimental platform consisting of three identical prototypes (three boxes as thermal labs) has been designed and instrumented. Each prototype has been highly insulated from each face except from the vertical southern wall which was realized with a poor thermal conductivity material. The following measurements were taken: ambient temperature (outside and inside thermal labs), external and internal surface temperatures of southern walls, heat fluxes transferred through south verticals walls (reference and vegetalized walls), solar incident radiation and wind velocity variation under instantaneous real climatic conditions. This enabled the analysis of the variation of energy balance according to the presence or not of a shading effect on the south vertical walls as well as their coverage rate. Several tests were performed on the three experimental thermal labs by imposing a leaf coverage rate which differs during each measurement. The results have shown that masking reduces the outside temperature and enhances the interior thermal comfort especially during summer.},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper presents the results of the validation of an experimental method for studying the thermal benefits of green façades. The main aim is to evaluate the impact of plants occultation on energy performance of a vertical wall in the temperate climate of the city of Lille in northern France. An experimental platform consisting of three identical prototypes (three boxes as thermal labs) has been designed and instrumented. Each prototype has been highly insulated from each face except from the vertical southern wall which was realized with a poor thermal conductivity material. The following measurements were taken: ambient temperature (outside and inside thermal labs), external and internal surface temperatures of southern walls, heat fluxes transferred through south verticals walls (reference and vegetalized walls), solar incident radiation and wind velocity variation under instantaneous real climatic conditions. This enabled the analysis of the variation of energy balance according to the presence or not of a shading effect on the south vertical walls as well as their coverage rate. Several tests were performed on the three experimental thermal labs by imposing a leaf coverage rate which differs during each measurement. The results have shown that masking reduces the outside temperature and enhances the interior thermal comfort especially during summer. |
2018Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Colli, Carolina; Bataille, Alain; Buyle-Bodin, François On to the development of a simplified tool to help decision making on single family-houses refurbishment : the Bat-eco 2 project 2018. @conference{Colli2018b,
title = {On to the development of a simplified tool to help decision making on single family-houses refurbishment : the Bat-eco 2 project},
author = {Carolina Colli and Alain Bataille and François Buyle-Bodin},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Circular economy on Life Cycle approches, int. conf. Lille, France},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2018Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Colli, Carolina; Bataille, Alain; Antczak, Emmanuel; Buyle-Bodin, François Life Cycle Assessment of a French Single-Family House Refurbishment: The "bat-Eco2" Case Study vol. 69, 2018, (cited By 2). Liens @conference{Colli2018160b,
title = {Life Cycle Assessment of a French Single-Family House Refurbishment: The "bat-Eco2" Case Study},
author = {Carolina Colli and Alain Bataille and Emmanuel Antczak and François Buyle-Bodin},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85047094312&doi=10.1016%2fj.procir.2017.11.043&partnerID=40&md5=b53fe58320a05311e9468c7d10b99b8c},
doi = {10.1016/j.procir.2017.11.043},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Procedia CIRP},
volume = {69},
pages = {160-165},
note = {cited By 2},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Tilioua, A; Libessart, Laurent; Lassue, Stéphane Characterization of the thermal properties of fibrous insulation materials made from recycled textile fibers for building applications: Theoretical and experimental analyses Dans: Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 142, p. 56-67, 2018, (cited By 3). Liens @article{Tilioua201856b,
title = {Characterization of the thermal properties of fibrous insulation materials made from recycled textile fibers for building applications: Theoretical and experimental analyses},
author = {A Tilioua and Laurent Libessart and Stéphane Lassue},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85049113102&doi=10.1016%2fj.applthermaleng.2018.06.071&partnerID=40&md5=68d00d112307bebf13b9e3ad65b3bbc0},
doi = {10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.06.071},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering},
volume = {142},
pages = {56-67},
note = {cited By 3},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Léger, J; Rousse, D R; Borgne, K Le; Lassue, Stéphane Comparing electric heating systems at equal thermal comfort: An experimental investigation Dans: Building and Environment, vol. 128, p. 161-169, 2018, (cited By 7). Liens @article{Léger2018161,
title = {Comparing electric heating systems at equal thermal comfort: An experimental investigation},
author = {J Léger and D R Rousse and K Le Borgne and Stéphane Lassue},
url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85035352229&doi=10.1016%2fj.buildenv.2017.11.035&partnerID=40&md5=9b8948d2a5462d4e6b881ada43ddd5fd},
doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.11.035},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {128},
pages = {161-169},
note = {cited By 7},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Attoue, Nivine; Shahrour, Isam; Younes, Rafic Smart Building: Use of the Artificial Neural Network Approach for Indoor Temperature Forecasting Dans: Energies, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 395, 2018. Liens @article{Attoue_2018,
title = {Smart Building: Use of the Artificial Neural Network Approach for Indoor Temperature Forecasting},
author = {Nivine Attoue and Isam Shahrour and Rafic Younes},
doi = {10.3390/en11020395},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-02-01},
journal = {Energies},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {395},
publisher = {MDPI AG},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Saab, Christine; Farah, Elias; Shahrour, Isam; Chehade, Fadi Hage; Ounaies, Sana Use of the smart technology for water quality control: feedback from large-scale experimentation Dans: Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 96, no. 2, p. 327–335, 2018. Liens @article{Saab_2018,
title = {Use of the smart technology for water quality control: feedback from large-scale experimentation},
author = {Christine Saab and Elias Farah and Isam Shahrour and Fadi Hage Chehade and Sana Ounaies},
doi = {10.1007/s10470-018-1143-3},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-03-01},
journal = {Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing},
volume = {96},
number = {2},
pages = {327--335},
publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Nasr, Elie Y; Shahrour, Isam; Nakhle, Farid E; Sakr, Daniel R; Karam, Liliane Y Smart City DDoS Attacks Maneuver Based on Identification, Heuristics and Load Balancers Dans: International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 1285–1294, 2018. Liens @article{Nasr_2018,
title = {Smart City DDoS Attacks Maneuver Based on Identification, Heuristics and Load Balancers},
author = {Elie Y Nasr and Isam Shahrour and Farid E Nakhle and Daniel R Sakr and Liliane Y Karam},
doi = {10.14299/ijser.2018.03.014},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-03-01},
journal = {International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {1285--1294},
publisher = {IJSER Publishing},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Rjeily, Yves Abou; Abbas, Oras; Sadek, Marwan; Shahrour, Isam; Chehade, Fadi Hage Model Predictive Control for optimising the operation of Urban Drainage Systems Dans: Journal of Hydrology, vol. 566, p. 558–565, 2018. Liens @article{Abou_Rjeily_2018,
title = {Model Predictive Control for optimising the operation of Urban Drainage Systems},
author = {Yves Abou Rjeily and Oras Abbas and Marwan Sadek and Isam Shahrour and Fadi Hage Chehade},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.09.044},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-11-01},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
volume = {566},
pages = {558--565},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Xie, Xiongyao; Wang, Qiang; Shahrour, Isam; Li, Jun; Zhou, Biao A real-time interaction platform for settlement control during shield tunnelling construction Dans: Automation in Construction, vol. 94, p. 154–167, 2018. Liens @article{Xie_2018,
title = {A real-time interaction platform for settlement control during shield tunnelling construction},
author = {Xiongyao Xie and Qiang Wang and Isam Shahrour and Jun Li and Biao Zhou},
doi = {10.1016/j.autcon.2018.06.012},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-10-01},
journal = {Automation in Construction},
volume = {94},
pages = {154--167},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Khattabi, Jamal El; Louche, B; Darwishe, H; Chaaban, F; Carlier, E Impact of Fertilizer Application and Agricultural Crops on the Quality of Groundwater in the Alluvial Aquifer, Northern France Dans: Water Air and Soil Pollution, vol. 229, no. 4, p. 128, 2018, (ACL). Résumé | Liens @article{,
title = {Impact of Fertilizer Application and Agricultural Crops on the Quality of Groundwater in the Alluvial Aquifer, Northern France},
author = {Jamal El Khattabi and B Louche and H Darwishe and F Chaaban and E Carlier},
doi = {10.1007/s11270-018-3767-4},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Water Air and Soil Pollution},
volume = {229},
number = {4},
pages = {128},
abstract = {In France, the quality of water resources with respect to nitrates deteriorated between the beginning of 1970s and 2000s. A stabilization of the situation and of the improvements has been observed punctually since the 2000s. Despite the application of the Nitrates Directive in France (91/676/CEE), the overall situation remains degraded, with numerous increases in nitrate concentrations in the underground waters. In the North of France, an alluvial groundwater's nitrate concentration exceeds the drinking water limit fixed at 50 mg/l, in the sectors of Catillon-sur-Sambre and Rejet-deBeaulieu. In order to quantify and model the impact of agricultural nitrogen on groundwater, an approach based on an integrated model has been established using three specific codes for each lithological horizon: Agriflux (for the root zone), VS2DT (for the unsaturated zone), and ModFlow-MT3D (for the saturated zone). The results illustrate the sensitivity of quality to agricultural crops used. Based on scenarios over 20 years, the predictions show a link between nitrate concentrations in the groundwater and agricultural crops as well as fertilization. Improving quality with a concentration of nitrate less than 50 mg/l requires a reasoned management accompanied by rotations of crops and transformations into grasslands and for sensitive areas the use of the culture producing the least nitrogen flow such as beets. The integrated model constitutes an efficient tool for predicting the evolution of the groundwater quality, especially in sensitive areas like the valleys with a rapid nitrate transfer to the aquifer. The model makes it possible to correctly evaluate the concentrations of nitrates reaching the groundwater with a monitoring of the concentration evolution in each lithological horizon, thus constituting a good tool for the management of agricultural pollution.},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In France, the quality of water resources with respect to nitrates deteriorated between the beginning of 1970s and 2000s. A stabilization of the situation and of the improvements has been observed punctually since the 2000s. Despite the application of the Nitrates Directive in France (91/676/CEE), the overall situation remains degraded, with numerous increases in nitrate concentrations in the underground waters. In the North of France, an alluvial groundwater's nitrate concentration exceeds the drinking water limit fixed at 50 mg/l, in the sectors of Catillon-sur-Sambre and Rejet-deBeaulieu. In order to quantify and model the impact of agricultural nitrogen on groundwater, an approach based on an integrated model has been established using three specific codes for each lithological horizon: Agriflux (for the root zone), VS2DT (for the unsaturated zone), and ModFlow-MT3D (for the saturated zone). The results illustrate the sensitivity of quality to agricultural crops used. Based on scenarios over 20 years, the predictions show a link between nitrate concentrations in the groundwater and agricultural crops as well as fertilization. Improving quality with a concentration of nitrate less than 50 mg/l requires a reasoned management accompanied by rotations of crops and transformations into grasslands and for sensitive areas the use of the culture producing the least nitrogen flow such as beets. The integrated model constitutes an efficient tool for predicting the evolution of the groundwater quality, especially in sensitive areas like the valleys with a rapid nitrate transfer to the aquifer. The model makes it possible to correctly evaluate the concentrations of nitrates reaching the groundwater with a monitoring of the concentration evolution in each lithological horizon, thus constituting a good tool for the management of agricultural pollution. |
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Khattabi, Jamal El; Carlier, E; Louche, B The Effect of Rock Collapse on Coastal Cliff Retreat along the Chalk Cliffs of Northern France Dans: Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 34, no. 1, p. 136–150, 2018, (ACL). Résumé | Liens @article{,
title = {The Effect of Rock Collapse on Coastal Cliff Retreat along the Chalk Cliffs of Northern France},
author = {Jamal El Khattabi and E Carlier and B Louche},
doi = {10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-16-00116.1},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Coastal Research},
volume = {34},
number = {1},
pages = {136--150},
abstract = {Coastal retreat is a topic that concerns all countries located on the coastal edge. This is the case for the chalky cliffs located in the north of France. Here, the cliff base is characterized by chalk rock rich in clay with low mechanical characteristics. To understand the appearance of rock collapses causing cliff retreat, the methodology applied in this report is based on an analytical study and numerical modeling. The model developed with CESAR (i.e. finite element software dedicated to stability) shows deformation affecting gray and blue chalk with separations reaching 3 cm. Simulations carried out with UDEC (i.e. Universal Distinct Element Code) show that constraints are organized around joints when the blocks rearrange themselves, and the effects are mainly seen at the base of the cliff. This study demonstrates the appearance of irregular conjugate fractures within the marly levels of the blue chalk. This type of fracture appears as a result of pressure from the overlying layers and the influence of lateral stress induced by the "Grand Blanc Nez'' formation. These fractures propagate towards the gray chalk and set the limits of different blocks. The displacement of these blocks leads to the obstruction of conduits, which increases the water pressure. The destabilization of the cliff is reflected in the appearance of release cracks, which are strongly influenced by variations in groundwater level. These findings were verified by numerical modeling. This example demonstrates that rock collapses are responsible for coastline retreat in this area. The combination of unpredictable natural phenomena associated with a concentrated spatial area creates a high-risk coastal area retreating at around 0.25 m/y.},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Coastal retreat is a topic that concerns all countries located on the coastal edge. This is the case for the chalky cliffs located in the north of France. Here, the cliff base is characterized by chalk rock rich in clay with low mechanical characteristics. To understand the appearance of rock collapses causing cliff retreat, the methodology applied in this report is based on an analytical study and numerical modeling. The model developed with CESAR (i.e. finite element software dedicated to stability) shows deformation affecting gray and blue chalk with separations reaching 3 cm. Simulations carried out with UDEC (i.e. Universal Distinct Element Code) show that constraints are organized around joints when the blocks rearrange themselves, and the effects are mainly seen at the base of the cliff. This study demonstrates the appearance of irregular conjugate fractures within the marly levels of the blue chalk. This type of fracture appears as a result of pressure from the overlying layers and the influence of lateral stress induced by the "Grand Blanc Nez'' formation. These fractures propagate towards the gray chalk and set the limits of different blocks. The displacement of these blocks leads to the obstruction of conduits, which increases the water pressure. The destabilization of the cliff is reflected in the appearance of release cracks, which are strongly influenced by variations in groundwater level. These findings were verified by numerical modeling. This example demonstrates that rock collapses are responsible for coastline retreat in this area. The combination of unpredictable natural phenomena associated with a concentrated spatial area creates a high-risk coastal area retreating at around 0.25 m/y. |
2018Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Abdelkader, Brahim; Arab, Ahmed; Sadek, Marwan; Shahrour, Isam Laboratory Investigation of the Influence of Geotextile on the Stress-Strain and Volumetric Change Behavior of Sand Dans: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. 36, no. 4, p. 2077-2085, 2018, (ACL). Liens @article{abdelkader:hal-03930013,
title = {Laboratory Investigation of the Influence of Geotextile on the Stress-Strain and Volumetric Change Behavior of Sand},
author = {Brahim Abdelkader and Ahmed Arab and Marwan Sadek and Isam Shahrour},
url = {https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03930013},
doi = {10.1007/s10706-018-0446-6},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-08-01},
urldate = {2018-08-01},
journal = {Geotechnical and Geological Engineering},
volume = {36},
number = {4},
pages = {2077-2085},
publisher = {Springer Verlag},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2017Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Vogt-Wu, Tingting; Antczak, Emmanuel; Brachelet, Franck; Defer, Didier A simple inverse method for monitoring the thermal characteristics of the limestone in an individual house International COnference on Materials ans Energy (ICOME 2017), Tianjin China 2017, (ACTI). @conference{Wu2017,
title = {A simple inverse method for monitoring the thermal characteristics of the limestone in an individual house},
author = {Tingting Vogt-Wu and Emmanuel Antczak and Franck Brachelet and Didier Defer},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {International COnference on Materials ans Energy (ICOME 2017)},
organization = {Tianjin China},
note = {ACTI},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2017Proceedings Article ER5 Auteurs : Leang, Enghok; Tittelein, Pierre; Zalewski, Laurent; Lassue, Stéphane Performance énergétique de parois solaires et stockage de l'énergie par chaleur latente Dans: Actes du CIFQ 2017, Saint Lô, 2017, (ACTI). Résumé @inproceedings{leang_performance_2017,
title = {Performance énergétique de parois solaires et stockage de l'énergie par chaleur latente},
author = {Enghok Leang and Pierre Tittelein and Laurent Zalewski and Stéphane Lassue},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {Actes du CIFQ 2017},
address = {Saint Lô},
abstract = {Cet article présente tout d’abord la comparaison entre les résultats de simulations numériques issues d’un modèle de mur Trombe composite intégrant une paroi stockeuse en béton et les résultats de mesures. Y sont confrontées les valeurs de flux de chaleur, de température de surface extérieure et intérieure de paroi, et les températures liées à la lame d’air ventilée. Ensuite, en utilisant pour base le modèle présenté en première partie, les performances d’un mur Trombe composite avec une paroi stockeuse en béton classique sont comparées à celles d’un mur intégrant un matériau à changement de phase (MCP), en utilisant le logiciel Dymola/Modelica. Les différences entre l’énergie stockée par le béton par chaleur sensible et celle du MCP par chaleur latente durant le changement d’état (solide-liquide, liquide-solide), les transferts thermiques par conduction, convection et rayonnement sont étudiés dans cet article.},
note = {ACTI},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Cet article présente tout d’abord la comparaison entre les résultats de simulations numériques issues d’un modèle de mur Trombe composite intégrant une paroi stockeuse en béton et les résultats de mesures. Y sont confrontées les valeurs de flux de chaleur, de température de surface extérieure et intérieure de paroi, et les températures liées à la lame d’air ventilée. Ensuite, en utilisant pour base le modèle présenté en première partie, les performances d’un mur Trombe composite avec une paroi stockeuse en béton classique sont comparées à celles d’un mur intégrant un matériau à changement de phase (MCP), en utilisant le logiciel Dymola/Modelica. Les différences entre l’énergie stockée par le béton par chaleur sensible et celle du MCP par chaleur latente durant le changement d’état (solide-liquide, liquide-solide), les transferts thermiques par conduction, convection et rayonnement sont étudiés dans cet article. |
2017Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Leblanc, Alexandre; Lavie, Antoine Three-dimensional-printed membrane-type acoustic metamaterial for low frequency sound attenuation Dans: J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 141, no. EL538, 2017, (ACL). Liens @article{Leblanc2017,
title = {Three-dimensional-printed membrane-type acoustic metamaterial for low frequency sound attenuation},
author = {Alexandre Leblanc and Antoine Lavie},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4984623},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {J. Acoust. Soc. Am.},
volume = {141},
number = {EL538},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2017Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Chikh, Salah; yahia Lakhdari, Abdelhamid; Younsi, Zohir Non-Isothermal Phase Change Material in a Building Wall Under South Mediterranean Climate 10th International Conference on Computational Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer (ICCHM2T 2017), Seoul, Korea May 28 - June 1, 2017., 2017, (ACTI). @conference{Chikh2017,
title = {Non-Isothermal Phase Change Material in a Building Wall Under South Mediterranean Climate},
author = {Salah Chikh and Abdelhamid yahia Lakhdari and Zohir Younsi},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {10th International Conference on Computational Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer (ICCHM2T 2017), Seoul, Korea May 28 - June 1, 2017.},
note = {ACTI},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2017Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Koufi, Lounes; Cherif, Yassine; Younsi, Zohir; Naji, Hassane Simulation numérique du transport d'un aéro-contaminant en convection naturelle 2017, (ACTI). @conference{Koufi2017a,
title = {Simulation numérique du transport d'un aéro-contaminant en convection naturelle},
author = {Lounes Koufi and Yassine Cherif and Zohir Younsi and Hassane Naji},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {XIIIème Colloque Interuniversitaire Franco-Québécois sur la Thermique des Systèmes, 22-24 mai 2017, LUSAC, Saint-Lô, France},
note = {ACTI},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2017Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Koufi, Lounes; Younsi, Zohir; Naji, Hassane Numerical investigation of turbulent double-diffusive mixed convection in a slot ventilated enclosure with supply air flow ports 23ème Congrès Français de Mécanique 2017, Lille, France, 28 Août-01 septembre 2017., 2017, (ACTN). @conference{Koufi2017b,
title = {Numerical investigation of turbulent double-diffusive mixed convection in a slot ventilated enclosure with supply air flow ports},
author = {Lounes Koufi and Zohir Younsi and Hassane Naji},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {23ème Congrès Français de Mécanique 2017, Lille, France, 28 Août-01 septembre 2017.},
note = {ACTN},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2017Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Lachheb, Mohamed; Younsi, Zohir; Naji, Hassane; Karkri, Mustapha; Nasrallah, Sassi Ben Thermal behavior of a hybrid PCM/plaster: A numerical and experimental investigation Dans: Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 111, p. 49 - 59, 2017, ISSN: 1359-4311, (ACL). Liens @article{Lachheb201749,
title = {Thermal behavior of a hybrid PCM/plaster: A numerical and experimental investigation},
author = {Mohamed Lachheb and Zohir Younsi and Hassane Naji and Mustapha Karkri and Sassi Ben Nasrallah},
url = {https://www-sciencedirect-com.bibliopam.univ-catholille.fr/science/article/pii/S135943111631691X},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.083},
issn = {1359-4311},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering},
volume = {111},
pages = {49 - 59},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2017Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Bekkouche, Mohammed Samai Rachid Djeffal Mohamed; Younsi, Zohir; Benamrane, Nacer; Cherier, Mohamed Amélioration du confort par l’intégration des matériaux intelligents (MCP) 1st Int. Seminar on the Apport of the Simulation in Technological Innovation, Ghardaïa, Algeria, March, 07-08-2017., 2017, (ACTI). @conference{RachidDjeffal2017,
title = {Amélioration du confort par l’intégration des matériaux intelligents (MCP)},
author = {Mohammed Samai Rachid Djeffal Mohamed Bekkouche and Zohir Younsi and Nacer Benamrane and Mohamed Cherier},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {1st Int. Seminar on the Apport of the Simulation in Technological Innovation, Ghardaïa, Algeria, March, 07-08-2017.},
note = {ACTI},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2017Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Sassine, Emilio; Younsi, Zohir; Cherif, Yassine; Antczak, Emmanuel Frequency domain regression method to predict thermal behavior of brick wall of existing buildings Dans: Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 114, p. 24 - 35, 2017, ISSN: 1359-4311, (ACL). Liens @article{Sassine201724,
title = {Frequency domain regression method to predict thermal behavior of brick wall of existing buildings},
author = {Emilio Sassine and Zohir Younsi and Yassine Cherif and Emmanuel Antczak},
url = {https://www-sciencedirect-com.bibliopam.univ-catholille.fr/science/article/pii/S135943111633469X},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.11.134},
issn = {1359-4311},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Applied Thermal Engineering},
volume = {114},
pages = {24 - 35},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2017Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Younsi, Zohir; Naji, Hassane Simulation numérique du comportement thermique d’un mur de brique intégrant des microcapsules de matériaux à changement de phase via la méthode enthalpique Congrès Français de Thermique 2017, Marseille, France, 30 mai - 2 juin 2017., 2017, (ACTN). @conference{Younsi2017,
title = {Simulation numérique du comportement thermique d’un mur de brique intégrant des microcapsules de matériaux à changement de phase via la méthode enthalpique},
author = {Zohir Younsi and Hassane Naji},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {Congrès Français de Thermique 2017, Marseille, France, 30 mai - 2 juin 2017.},
note = {ACTN},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2017Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Belkacem, Nafissa; Loukarfi, Larbi; Missoum, Mohamed; Naji, Hassane; Khelil, Ali; Braikia, Mohammed Assessment of energy and environmental performances of a bioclimatic dwelling in Algeria's North Dans: Building Services Engineering Research & Technology, vol. 38, no. 1, p. 64-68, 2017, (ACL). Liens @article{Belkacem2017,
title = {Assessment of energy and environmental performances of a bioclimatic dwelling in Algeria's North},
author = {Nafissa Belkacem and Larbi Loukarfi and Mohamed Missoum and Hassane Naji and Ali Khelil and Mohammed Braikia},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0143624416669554},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Building Services Engineering Research & Technology},
volume = {38},
number = {1},
pages = {64-68},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2017Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Cherif, Yassine; Koufi, Loune; Younsi, Zohir; Naji, Hassane Simulation numérique de la convection thermosoultale du transport d'un aéro-contaminant dans une chambre fermée 13ème Colloque Int. Franco-Québécois (CIFQ 2017), 22 - 24, 2017, Saint-Lô, France, 2017, (ACTI). @conference{Cherif2017,
title = {Simulation numérique de la convection thermosoultale du transport d'un aéro-contaminant dans une chambre fermée},
author = {Yassine Cherif and Loune Koufi and Zohir Younsi and Hassane Naji},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {13ème Colloque Int. Franco-Québécois (CIFQ 2017), 22 - 24, 2017, Saint-Lô, France},
note = {ACTI},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2017Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Koufi, Lounes; Younsi, Zohir; Cherif, Yassine; Naji, Hassane Numerical investigation of turbulent mixed convection in an open cavity: Effect of inlet and outlet openings Dans: International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 116, p. 103 - 117, 2017, ISSN: 1290-0729, (ACL). Liens @article{Koufi2017c,
title = {Numerical investigation of turbulent mixed convection in an open cavity: Effect of inlet and outlet openings},
author = {Lounes Koufi and Zohir Younsi and Yassine Cherif and Hassane Naji},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1290072916312467},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2017.02.007},
issn = {1290-0729},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Thermal Sciences},
volume = {116},
pages = {103 - 117},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2017Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Koufi, Lounes; Younsi, Zohir; Chérif, Yassine; abd Naji, Hassane Mohamed EL Ganaoui A numerical study of indoor air quality in a ventilated room using different strategies of ventilation Dans: Mechanics & Industry, vol. 18, no. 2, p. 221- (pages' number: 9), 2017, (ACL). Liens @article{Koufi2017cb,
title = {A numerical study of indoor air quality in a ventilated room using different strategies of ventilation},
author = {Lounes Koufi and Zohir Younsi and Yassine Chérif and Hassane Mohamed EL Ganaoui abd Naji},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1051/meca/2016043},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Mechanics & Industry},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {221- (pages' number: 9)},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2017Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Masson, François-Xavier; Lefer, Henri-Bertrand; Boulemia, Cherif; Naji, Hassane Hydraulic Characterization of Porous Materials Using a Rainfall Simulator to Model Flows in Natural and Artificial Non-Saturated Materials Dans: JOURNAL OF WATER MANAGEMENT MODELING, vol. 25:C429, 2017, ISSN: CHI ref #: C429, (ACL). Résumé | Liens @article{Masson2017,
title = {Hydraulic Characterization of Porous Materials Using a Rainfall Simulator to Model Flows in Natural and Artificial Non-Saturated Materials},
author = {François-Xavier Masson and Henri-Bertrand Lefer and Cherif Boulemia and Hassane Naji},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.14796/JWMM.C429},
issn = {CHI ref #: C429},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {JOURNAL OF WATER MANAGEMENT MODELING},
volume = {25:C429},
abstract = {Cumulative runoff curves are created by applying constant rainfall of known intensity using a rain simulator. These curves allow us to determine, with good accuracy, the initial loss, the initial time of runoff, and the constant loss. The approach is to model infiltration in an unsaturated medium using a draining reservoir paradigm. Simulated rainfall is applied to a typical soil considered to be composed of two superimposed layers of different permeabilities. This approach enables us to represent the drainage porosity as a function of the constant loss and the initial runoff time, which are measured during the rain simulation. Thus it is possible to calculate the infiltrated volumes, the initial runoff times, and the runoff volumes which are induced by rains of different intensities.
Four case studies are used to illustrate the application of our approach.},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cumulative runoff curves are created by applying constant rainfall of known intensity using a rain simulator. These curves allow us to determine, with good accuracy, the initial loss, the initial time of runoff, and the constant loss. The approach is to model infiltration in an unsaturated medium using a draining reservoir paradigm. Simulated rainfall is applied to a typical soil considered to be composed of two superimposed layers of different permeabilities. This approach enables us to represent the drainage porosity as a function of the constant loss and the initial runoff time, which are measured during the rain simulation. Thus it is possible to calculate the infiltrated volumes, the initial runoff times, and the runoff volumes which are induced by rains of different intensities.
Four case studies are used to illustrate the application of our approach. |
2017Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Masson, François-Xavier; Lefer, Henri-Bertrand; Boulemia, Cherif; Naji, Hassane Sediment Transfer Variation Approach at Large Rural Watersheds Scale of Northern France Dans: Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 1-10, 2017, ISSN: ISSN: 2454-7352, (ACL). Résumé | Liens @article{Masson2017a,
title = {Sediment Transfer Variation Approach at Large Rural Watersheds Scale of Northern France},
author = {François-Xavier Masson and Henri-Bertrand Lefer and Cherif Boulemia and Hassane Naji},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.9734/JGEESI/2017/31781},
issn = {ISSN: 2454-7352},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {1-10},
abstract = {In the French “Nord-Pas-de-Calais” region, sediments suspended in runoff waters coming from rural watersheds play a major part in the turbidity of surface waters, silting up of streams, and silting of permanent structures such as canals and ports.
One of the main factors in processes limiting sediment transfers is the vegetation cover. Quantitative assessment and comparative analysis of the impacts of vegetation cover performed in various scales (fields, smaller watersheds, and larger watersheds) allow showing effects' analogy in these cases. As a result, it is possible to estimate and quantify, at little cost, the risks induced by erosion and runoff in the larger rural watersheds, and the need to change land use. Thereby, watersheds where the situation is more favorable can serve as a model.},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In the French “Nord-Pas-de-Calais” region, sediments suspended in runoff waters coming from rural watersheds play a major part in the turbidity of surface waters, silting up of streams, and silting of permanent structures such as canals and ports.
One of the main factors in processes limiting sediment transfers is the vegetation cover. Quantitative assessment and comparative analysis of the impacts of vegetation cover performed in various scales (fields, smaller watersheds, and larger watersheds) allow showing effects' analogy in these cases. As a result, it is possible to estimate and quantify, at little cost, the risks induced by erosion and runoff in the larger rural watersheds, and the need to change land use. Thereby, watersheds where the situation is more favorable can serve as a model. |
2017Article de journal ER5 Auteurs : Derbal, Radhouan; Defer, Didier; Antczak, Emmanuel; Brachelet, Franck Moisture content estimation based on thermal analysis method applied to sand Dans: JP Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 14 issue 2, p. 247-275, 2017, (ACL). @article{Derbal2017,
title = {Moisture content estimation based on thermal analysis method applied to sand},
author = {Radhouan Derbal and Didier Defer and Emmanuel Antczak and Franck Brachelet},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {JP Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer},
volume = {14 issue 2},
pages = {247-275},
note = {ACL},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
|
2017Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Antczak, Emmanuel; Asli, Mounir; Brachelet, Franck; Brue, Flore; Defer, Didier; Lucas, Alain Monitoring and thermal characterization of flax shives for building thermal insulation 2nd International Conference on Bio-based Building Materials 2017, Clermont - Ferrand 2017, (ACTI). @conference{Antczak2017,
title = {Monitoring and thermal characterization of flax shives for building thermal insulation},
author = {Emmanuel Antczak and Mounir Asli and Franck Brachelet and Flore Brue and Didier Defer and Alain Lucas},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {2nd International Conference on Bio-based Building Materials 2017},
organization = {Clermont - Ferrand},
note = {ACTI},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|
2017Conférence ER5 Auteurs : Brachelet, Franck; Asli, Mounir; Antczak, Emmanuel; Brue, Flore; Defer, Didier; Lucas, Alain Hygrothermal behavior of flax shives used as insulation material in an attic of a traditional house International COnference on Materials ans Energy (ICOME 2017), Tianjin China 2017, (ACTI). @conference{Brachelet2017,
title = {Hygrothermal behavior of flax shives used as insulation material in an attic of a traditional house},
author = {Franck Brachelet and Mounir Asli and Emmanuel Antczak and Flore Brue and Didier Defer and Alain Lucas},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
booktitle = {International COnference on Materials ans Energy (ICOME 2017)},
organization = {Tianjin China},
note = {ACTI},
keywords = {ER5},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
|