Publications

@article{Bidar2009,

title = {Seasonal and annual variations of the metal uptake and toxicity in Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne growing in a heavy metal contaminated field},

author = {Géraldine Bidar and Guillaume Garçon and Christelle Pruvot and Anthony Verdin and Pirouz Shirali and Francis Douay},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},

volume = {16},

number = {1},

pages = {42-53},

abstract = {Background, aim, and scope the reclamation of nonferrous metal-polluted soil by phytoremediation requires an overall and permanent plant cover. to select the most suitable plant species, it is necessary to study metal effects on plants over the time, thereby checking that metals remain stored in root systems and not transferred to aerial parts. in this purpose, the seasonal and annual variations of metal bioaccumulation, transfer, and phytotoxicity in trifolium repens and lolium perenne grown in a cd-, pb-, and zn-contaminated soil were also studied. materials and methods the experimental site was located near a closed smelter. in spring 2004, two areas were sown with t. repens and l. perenne, respectively. thereafter, the samplings of plant roots and shoots and surrounding soils were realized in autumn 2004 and spring and autumn 2005. the soil agronomic characteristics, the cd, pb, and zn concentrations in the surrounded soils and plant organs, as well as the oxidative alterations (superoxide dismutase [sod], malondialdehyde [mda], and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine [8-ohdg]) in plant organs were carried out. results whatever the sampling period, metal concentrations in soils and plants were higher than background values. contrary to the soils, the fluctuations of metal concentrations were observed in plant organs over the time. bioaccumulation and transfer factors confirmed that metals were preferentially accumulated in the roots as follows: cd>zn>pb, and their transfer to shoots was limited. foliar metal deposition was also observed. the results showed that there were seasonal and annual variations of metal accumulation in the two studied plant species. these variations differed according to the organs and followed nearly the same pattern for the two species. oxidative alterations were observed in plant organs with regard to sod antioxidant activities, mda, and 8-ohdg concentrations. these alterations vary according to the temporal variations of metal concentrations. discussion metal concentrations in surrounded soils and plant organs showed the effective contamination by industrial dust emissions. metals absorbed by plants were mainly stored in the roots. with regard to this storage, the plants seemed to limit the metal transfer to their aerial parts over the time, thereby indicating their availability for metal phytostabilization. aerial deposition was another source of plant exposure to nonferrous metals. despite the occurrence ofmetal-induced oxidative alterations in plant organs, both plant species seemed to tolerate a high metal concentration in soils. conclusions taken together, these results indicated that t. repens and l. perenne were able to form a plant cover on highly cd-, pb-, and zn-polluted soils, to limit the metal transfer to their aerial parts and were relatively metal-tolerant. all these characteristics made them suitable for phytostabilization on metal-contaminated soils. these findings also highlighted the necessity to take into account seasonal and annual variations for a future phytomanagement. recommendations and perspectives in this work, the behavior of plant species grown in metal-polluted soil has been studied during 2 years. obviously, this time is too short to ensure that metals remain accumulated in the root system and few are transferred in aerial parts over the time. it is why regular monitoring should be achieved during more than a decade after the settlement of the plant cover. this work will be completed by the study of the t. repens and l. perenne effects on mobility of metals in order to evaluate the quantities of pollutants which could be absorbed by the biota and transferred to groundwater. bioaccessibility tests could be also realized on polluted soils in order to evaluate the phytostabilization impacts on the exposition risks for humans. keywords bioaccumulation factors . l. perenne . nonferrous metal-contaminated soil . oxidative stress . phytostabilization . seasonal and annual variations . t. repens . transfer factors},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@conference{Lemiere2009,

title = {Utilisation de lombricides exposés en microcosms pour évaluer l’intérêt d’agents immobilisants pour la remediation de sols urbains contaminés par les métaux},

author = {Sébastien Lemière and Fabien Grumiaux and Jean-Philippe Godet and Marion Tanguy and Patrick Delplace and Sylvain Demuynck and Franck Brulle and Christelle Pruvot and Franck Vandenbulcke and Francis Douay and Alain Leprêtre},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

booktitle = {2ème Rencontres Nationales de la Recherche sur les Sites & Sols Pollués, ADEME. 20-21 octobre 2009, Paris},

note = {ACTN},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {conference}

}

@conference{Brulle2009a,

title = {Développement de biomarqueurs d’exposition aux métaux chez un organisme test: l’Annélide Oligochète Eisenia fetida},

author = {Franck Brulle and Claude Cocquerelle and Francis Douay and Sébastien Lemière and Alain Leprêtre and Franck Vandenbulcke},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

booktitle = {2ème Rencontres Nationales de la Recherche sur les Sites & Sols Pollués, ADEME. 20-21 octobre 2009, Paris},

abstract = {Couches supérieures des sols, où les concentrations peuvent être largement supérieures aux teneurs habituelles régionales. les annélides oligochètes sont présents dans ces sols pollués bien qu’ils présentent une sensibilité exacerbée aux métaux. très peu de choses étant connues quant à l’identification et la mise en place des mécanismes de réponse à ces métaux au niveau moléculaire, le travail de caractérisation des candidats biomarqueurs de pollution a été réalisé à partir des cellules immunitaires du ver eisenia fetida, une espèce modèle recommandée en écotoxicologie. deux approches ont été mises en place. une première approche, qualifiée de ciblée et basée sur la conservation phylogénique observée entre espèces, a permis l’identification de plusieurs candidats. une deuxième approche, dite globale et consistant en la construction de banques soustractives a permis d’identifier des gènes dont l’expression est affectée lors d’une exposition à un mélange complexe de métaux. enfin, les candidats biomarqueurs de pollution métallique mis en lumière par les deux approches ont été mesurés sur des animaux exposés à des sols pollués de longue date par des activités métallurgiques. ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre d’une thèse de doctorat (f. brulle) financée par l’ademe et la région nord-pas-de-calais. 1- premièrement, nous avons cloné et analysé le niveau d’expression de 14 candidats biomarqueurs chez le modèle de laboratoire eisenia fetida exposé in vivo à des sols standards contaminés par le cadmium. les 14 candidats ont été choisis parmi des gènes codant des protéines fortement conservées pour lesquelles des variations d’expression génique ont été rapportées dans la littérature, lors d’exposition de macroinvertébrés à des etms. le niveau d’expression des gènes a été mesuré dans les coelomocytes (cellules immunitaires) puisque la majorité des effecteurs sélectionnés sont connus pour leur implication dans des mécanismes de défense [1].},

note = {ACTN},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {conference}

}

@conference{Brulle2009b,

title = {Développement de biomarqueurs d'exposition aux métaux chez un organisme test: l'Annélide Oligochète Eisenia fetida},

author = {Franck Brulle and Claude Cocquerelle and Francis Douay and Sébastien Lemière and Alain Leprêtre and Franck Vandenbulcke},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

booktitle = {15ème Colloque National de la Recherche en IUT, CNRIUT 2009. 8-10 juin 2009, Villeneuve d’Ascq},

note = {ACTN},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {conference}

}

@conference{Brulle2009c,

title = {Gene expression analysis of 4 biomarker candidates in Eisenia fetida exposed to an environmental cadmium gradient: a microcosm study},

author = {Franck Brulle and Francis Douay and Alain Leprêtre and Franck Vandenbulcke},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

booktitle = {SETAC Europe 19th Annual Meeting, 31 May-4 June 2009, Göteborg (Suède)},

note = {ACTI},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {conference}

}

@article{Brulle2009d,

title = {Développement de biomarqueurs d'exposition aux métaux basés sur les fonctions physiologiques de l'annélide oligochète Eisenia fetida},

author = {Franck Brulle and Franck Vandenbulcke},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Etude et Gestion des Sols},

volume = {16},

number = {3/4},

pages = {159-174},

abstract = {Les activités métallurgiques entraînent i'accumulation d'éléments traces métalliques dans les couches superficielles des sols, où l'on peut observer des concentrations largement supérieures au fond pédogéochimique et aux normes en vigueur. la contamination des sols est une menace pour la santé publique et la présence de grandes quantités d'éléments traces métalliques peut générer un stress susceptible d'affecter les organismes exposés à des sols pollués. les annélides oligochètes vivent en contact étroit avec ces sols pollués et sont parmi les organismes vivants présentant une sensibilité exacerbée aux métaux. très peu de choses sont connues quant à i'identification et la mise en place des mécanismes de réponse à ces métaux au niveau moléculaire. en exploitant la conservation phylogénique observée entre espèces, nous avons été capables de cloner et de caractériser un ensemble de biomarqueurs potentiels à partir des coelomocytes de i'annélide oligochète eisenia fetida, une espèce modèle recommandée en écotoxicologie. deux approches ont été mises en place. premièrement, une approche qualifiée de ciblée, consistant à identifier tous les effecteurs parmi des protéines fortement conservées pour lesquels une variation lors d'une exposition métallique était reportée dans la littérature. deuxièmement, nous avons entrepris une approche, qualifiée de globale, consistant en la construction de banques soustractives pour identifier chez eisenia fetida les gènes dont l'expression est affectée lors d'une exposition à un mélange complexe de métaux, représentatif d'un site naturel fortement contaminé. ces deux approches ont permis i'identification de 4 candidats biomarqueurs de pollution métallique.},

note = {ACLN},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@conference{Vandenbulcke2009,

title = {Identification and analysis of the expression profiles of new biomarker candidates in Eisenia fetida: a transcriptomic approach},

author = {Franck Vandenbulcke},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

booktitle = {International Symposium of Risk Assessment (ISTA). 30 août-3 septembre 2009, Metz},

note = {COM},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {conference}

}

@article{Masalehdani2009,

title = {Condensate minerals from a burning coal-waste heap in Avion, northern France},

author = {M.-Naze-Nancy Masalehdani and Florias Mees and Yvan Coquinot and Jean-Luc Potdevin and Michel Dubois and Michel Fialin and Marie-Madeleine Blanc-Valleron},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {The Canadian Mineralogist},

volume = {47},

number = {3},

pages = {573-591},

abstract = {Un terril de charbon de la ville d’avion, dans le nord de la france, présente des dépôts minéralisés à la sortie des fissures de surface d’où se sont échappés les gaz et la vapeur d’eau produits par une combustion interne depuis plusieurs décennies. l’analyse des dépôts a permis d’identifier vingt espèces minérales différentes: des sulfates, des halogènes et du soufre natif. les éléments chimiques constitutifs des dépôts proviennent des schistes pyritifères et de la houille qui constituent le terril. ils peuvent être libérés lors de l’altération des matériaux du terril par des fluides acides avant la combustion mais, plus largement, ils doivent provenir de la décomposition thermique et de l’oxydation de ces matériaux pendant le processus lié à la combustion. la formation des efflorescences près des zones de décharge de gaz implique un transfert de certains éléments sous forme gazeuse depuis l’intérieur du terril (s, n, h et cl), mais également en solution dans des gouttelettes de vapeur d’eau entraînées par les gaz pour la plupart des autres cations. l’interaction entre les solutions condensées et les débris de roche à la surface du terril peut également contribuer à apporter des cations avant la formation des minéraux secondaires. la plupart de ceux-ci se sont formés à partir d’une phase liquide à la surface des débris et à des températures basses (t ≤ 100°c), comme le confirme la présence d’inclusions fluides. seuls le salammoniac, le soufre natif et la mascagnite (en monocristaux) ont été formés directement à partir d’une phase gazeuse. le terril montre de grandes variations dans les assemblages minéraux parmi les différents sites d’échantillonnage; ces variations peuvent être liées aux différences de composition du terril, aux conditions régnant aux niveaux où les éléments sont libérés ou aux changements de conditions là où se produit la cristallisation des assemblages.},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Munoz2008,

title = {Analisis de localizacion y distribucion de ARNm de péptidos antimicrobianos expresados en células de camaron por hibridación in situ},

author = {Marcelo Munoz and Evelyne Bachère and Guillaume Mitta and Franck Vandenbulcke},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Revista Tecnológica ESPOL},

volume = {21},

number = {1},

pages = {83-90},

abstract = {La presente publicación describe adaptaciones a métodos para la detección y localización de arnmensajeros de penaeidins, péptidos antimicrobianos del camarón penaeus vannamei, utilizandomarcadores fríos y calientes tanto para muestras correspondientes a células citocentrifugadas como paratejidos incluidos en parafina. si se describen los procedimientos y adaptaciones para realizar lostratamientos previos a la hibridación en los cuales se determinan los pasos para desparafinar tejidos,tiempos de post fijación y tratamiento con arnasa para preservar las condiciones de los tejidos para unabuena observación luego de la hibridación. además, se establecen los mejores parámetros para prepararribosondas y se discuten las ventajas de la utilización de este tipo de sondas con respecto a las sondas dedoble cadena de adn. finalmente se determinan los pasos optimizados para realizar una hibridación ydetección de las ribosondas marcadas a la forfatasa alcalina que permitan la mejor definición ysensibilidad en las células objetivo.},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Descamps2008b,

title = {Manufacture of macroporous β-tricalcium phosphate bioceramics},

author = {Michel Descamps and T Duhoo and Francine Monchau and J Lu and P Hardouin and J C Hornez and A Leriche},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Journal of the European Ceramic Society},

volume = {28},

number = {1},

pages = {149-157},

abstract = {Β-tricalcium phosphate (β-tcp) macroporous ceramics were produced by a new manufacturing procedure. an organic skeleton constituted of polymethylmethacrylate balls (pmma) is carried by a chemical forming treatment. this treatment consists to establish a connection between pmma balls by a chemical superficial dissolution of the individual beads. this reaction is accompanied of significant shrinkage of the organic skeleton which is correlated with the interconnection size between beads. an empirical relation and a geometrical model, based on a theoretical arrangement of spheres of uniform sizes, were developed to determine the necessary shrinkage of the organic skeleton to obtain a desired interconnection size. pmma skeleton is impregnated by using an aqueous suspension of β-tcp, after drying, the ceramic/polymeric composite undergoes the traditional steps of debinding and sintering to obtain finished material. this process allows a total control of the porous architecture of the part (sizes of pores and interconnections) and also to perform materials with very varied forms and dimensions with specific properties as a gradient of pore sizes or a gradient of the interconnection sizes.},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Detriche2008b,

title = {Late Holocene palaeohydrology of lake Afourgagh (Middle-Atlas, Morocco) from deposit geometry and facies},

author = {Sébastien Détriché and Jean-Gabriel Bréhéret and Hamid Zarki and L’houcine Karrat and Jean-Jacques Macaire and Michel Fontugne},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Bulletin de la Societe Géologique de France},

volume = {179},

number = {1},

pages = {41-50},

abstract = {The geometry and facies of deposits in lake afourgagh (middle-atlas, morocco) provide evidence for successive major lake level fluctuations during the last 2,500 years. sedimentation is mainly biogenic with the laying down of thick charophyte-rich tufas interbedded with silty layers in distal areas and palaeosols in proximal areas. these alternations point to four major deposit sequences with lowstand phases. the first two phases are dated at ca. 2426 and 1869 cal b.p. these events appear to be linked to major arid episodes on a regional scale. however, climatic impact has been modulated by human activities, particularly during recent decades.},

note = {ACLN},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Douay2008,

title = {Contamination of urban soils in an area of Northern France polluted by dust emissions of two smelters},

author = {Francis Douay and Christelle Pruvot and Hélène Roussel and Henri Ciesielski and Hervé Fourrier and Nicolas Proix and Christophe Waterlot},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Water Air and Soil Pollution},

volume = {188},

number = {1-4},

pages = {247-260},

abstract = {The contamination of 27 urban topsoils has been assessed around two lead and zinc smelters (metaleurop nord and umicore) in the north of france. eighteen trace elements have been analysed (ag, as, bi, cd, co, cr, cu, hg, in, ni, pb, sb, se, sn, tl, th, u and zn). the investigation included the study of the vertical distribution of cd, pb and zn as indicators of pollution. it was shown that cd, in, pb, sb and zn were major pollutants followed in lesser quantities by ag, bi, cu and hg. in addition, as, ni, se, sn and tl were present at levels slightly higher than regional agricultural values. the other elements (co, cr, th and u) were at endogenous levels. the observations have highlighted the strong heterogeneity of the physico-chemical parameters of urban soils and the existence of heavy contamination of the under layers by cd, pb and zn. a potential transfer of metals from the topsoil to the deeper layers and especially cd and zn, is not excluded. indeed the soil rework is not the only factor explaining contamination level of the deeper layers of the studied soils. the comparison of the studied element concentrations in urban soils with nearby local agricultural values shows that the dust emission originating from the metaleurop and umicore smelters were not the only source of contamination. thus a large contamination of the studied urban soils by sb and in could be explained by domestic combustion of coal for heating.},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Douay2008a,

title = {Assessment of a remediation technique using the replacement of contaminated soils in kitchen gardens nearby a former lead smelter in Northern France},

author = {Francis Douay and Hélène Roussel and Christelle Pruvot and Alexandre Loriette and Hervé Fourrier},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {401},

number = {1-3},

pages = {29-38},

abstract = {Vegetables cultivated in kitchen gardens that are strongly contaminated by heavy metals (pb, cd) may represent to consumers a means of exposure to these metals. this exposure is more problematic for those families that include a large quantity of home-grown vegetables in their diet. researchers have shown that the majority of vegetables produced in kitchen gardens in the vicinity of the metaleurop nord smelter (northern france) do not conform to european regulations. this study was carried out in three of these kitchen gardens. the concentrations of cd and pb in the topsoils were up to 24 and 3300 mg kg−1 respectively. the method consisted of delineating a surface area of about 50 to 100 m2 for each garden, then removing the contaminated soil and replacing it with a clean one. seven species of vegetables were cultivated from 2003 to 2005 in the original contaminated soils and the remediated ones. the data showed a clear improvement of the quality of the vegetables cultivated in remediated soils, although 17% of them were still over the european legislative limits for foodstuffs. this suggested that there was a foliar contamination due to contaminated dust fallout coming from the closed smelter site and the adjacent polluted soils. in addition, the measurement of the cd and pb concentrations in the dust fallout showed that the substantial rise in metal concentrations in the remediated soil was not only due to atmospheric fallout. these results raise questions about possible technical, economic and sociological problems associated with this kind of remediation.},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Douay2008b,

title = {Impact of a smelter closedown on metal contents of wheat cultivated in the neighbourhood},

author = {Francis Douay and Hélène Roussel and Christelle Pruvot and Christophe Waterlot},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},

volume = {15},

pages = {162-169},

abstract = {Background. the contamination of soils by heavy metals engenders important environmental and sanitary problems in northern france where a smelter has been located for more than one hundred of years. it has been one of the most important pb production sites in europe until its closedown in march 2003. ore smelting process generated considerable atmospheric emissions of dust. despite an active environmental strategy, these emissions were still significant in 2002 with up to 17 tonnes of pb, 32 tonnes of zn and 1 tonne of cd. over the years, the generated deposits have led to an important contamination of the surrounding soils. previous studies have shown pollutant transfers to plants, which can induce a risk for human and animal health. the objective of this study was to evaluate the consequences of the smelter closedown on the cd and pb contents of wheat (grain and straw) cultivated in the area. methods. paired topsoil and vegetable samples were taken at harvest time at various distances to the smelter. the sample sites were chosen in order to represent a large range of soil metal contamination. sampling was realised on several wheat harvests between 1997 and 2003. 25 samples were collected before the smelter closedown and 15 after. all ears of about 1 m long of two rows were manually picked and threshed in the lab. similarly, straw was harvested at the same time. total metal contents in soil and wheat samples were quantified. results. a negative correlation between metal concentrations in soil and the distance to the smelter was shown. the wheat grain and straw showed significant cd and pb contents. the straw had higher metal contents than the grain. during the smelter activity, the grain contents were up to 0.8 mg kg–1 dm of cd and 8 mg kg–1 dm of pb. for the straw, maximum contents were 5 mg kg–1 dm of cd and 114 mg kg–1 dm of pb. after the smelter closedown, we observed a very large decrease of pb in the grain (82%) and in the straw (91%). a smaller decrease was observed for cd in grain. despite this improvement, 80% of the studied samples remained non-acceptable for human consumption, according to the european legislation values, due to a high cd content. discussion. results highlighted a difference in metal accumulation in the plant organs as well as a difference in metal uptake. the approach pointed out the importance of atmospheric fallout in the wheat contamination pathways for pb. the smelter closedown has lead to a decrease of the pb content in wheat. it is interesting to relate this finding with the lead blood levels in children living close to the smelter. conclusions. those results have confirmed the importance of dust fallout in the plant contamination pathways. before the closedown, pb measured in the plant was principally originating from the smelter dust emissions. it raised the question of the sanitary risks for humans and animals living in the surrounding area of the smelter. recommendations and perspectives. in the literature, very few articles take the dust deposit as contamination pathways for crops into consideration. however, in highly contaminated sites, this pathway can be very important. thus, it would be worthy studying the uptake of metal contaminants by plants through the foliar system.},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pelfrene2008,

title = {Dissolved Cu(II) speciation in unpolluted soil solutions of a planosolic horizon},

author = {Aurélie Pelfrêne and Nathalie Gassama and Daniel Grimaud},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Electroanalysis},

volume = {20},

number = {8},

pages = {841-850},

abstract = {Dissolved cu(ii) speciation in unpolluted soil solutions from different horizons was studied using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (dpasv). three sites were selected according to topography and monitored for three years. experiments evidence cu(ii) can be bound by dom (dissolved organic matter) through complexation and/or adsorption reactions. the complexation capacity and the corresponding conditional stability constant were determined for complexation reactions. the adsorbing sites were titrated. a potential binding coefficient was calculated to compare both types of reactions. results show adsorption is less frequent than complexation but exhibits higher binding coefficient.},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gimbert2008,

title = {Long-term responses of snails exposed to cadmium-contaminated soils in a partial life-cycle experiment},

author = {Frédéric Gimbert and Annette De-Vaufleury and Francis Douay and Michaël Coeurdassier and Renaud Scheifler and Pierre-Marie Badot},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},

volume = {70},

pages = {138-146},

abstract = {Juvenile snails were exposed during their growth period to cd-contaminated field and artificial soils and then transferred to uncontaminated soil to assess the sequels of previous exposure on adult reproduction. growth modelling highlighted growth inhibitions of 5% and 10% after 70 and 84 days of exposure to 20 and 100mgcdkg(-1) in artificial soils, respectively. growth disruption was accompanied by a decrease in the clutch number and a 4-week delay in the egg-laying cycle. although it was also contaminated at 20mgcdkg(-1), the contaminated field soil did not lead to detectable effects in snails, suggesting a lower cd bioavailability confirmed by the bioaccumulation analysis. we demonstrated that the 28-day growth test, as advised by the iso-guideline, may not be sufficient to assess sublethal toxic effects of realistically contaminated soils. for this purpose, a life cycle experimental set-up is proposed, allowing a thorough assessment of toxicity during successive life stages.},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Griffiths2008,

title = {Soil microbial and faunal responses to herbicide tolerant maize andherbicide in two soils},

author = {B S Griffiths and S Caul and J Thompson and C A Hackett and Jérôme Cortet and Céline Pernin and P H Krogh},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Plant and Soil},

volume = {308},

pages = {93-103},

abstract = {A glasshouse experiment was set up to compare processes and organisms in two soils planted with genetically modified (gm) herbicide tolerant (ht) maize treated with appropriate herbicides. this was part of a wider project (ecogen) looking at the consequences of gm cropping systems on soil biology using a tiered approach at laboratory, glasshouse and field scales. soil for the experiment was taken from field sites where the same maize cultivars were grown to allow comparison between results under glasshouse and field conditions. the maize cultivars t25 (gm ht glufosinate-ammonium tolerant), orient (non ht near isogenic control for t25) and monumental (a conventional, non ht variety) were grown in contrasting sandy loam and clay loam soils, half were sprayed with the appropriate herbicide as used in the field and soil samples were taken at the five-leaf and flowering plant growth stage. the main effects on all measured parameters were those of soil type and plant growth stage, with four categories of subsequent interaction: (1) there were no effects of herbicide on plant growth or soil microarthropods: (2) the maize cultivar (but not the gm ht trait) had effects on the decomposition of cotton strips and the nematode community; (3) herbicide application in general altered the community level physiological profile of the microbial community and reduced both soil basal respiration and the abundance of protozoa; and (4) the specific application of glufosinate-ammonium to t25 maize altered soil microbial community structure measured by ester linked fatty acids. the results from this glasshouse experiment support the findings from the field that there are effects of herbicide application on the soil microbial and meso-faunal community but that, compared to other standard agricultural practices, the differences are relatively small},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}