Publications

@article{Seignez2010,

title = {Development of plant roots network in polluted soils: An X-ray computed microtomography investigation},

author = {Nicolas Seignez and Arnaud Gauthier and Florias Mees and Celia Brunel and Jean-Luc Potdevin},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Water Air and Soil Pollution},

volume = {209},

number = {1-4},

pages = {199-207},

abstract = {X-ray computed microtomography is a non-destructive technique which allows to study in 3d the texture of a solid material and of great interest for non-homogeneous ones. coupled with image analyses software, the soil properties visually determined can be easily supported by statistics. this work proposes to study the root development of arabidopsis halleri growing on different soils polluted with metallurgical slag and dredging sludge. the 3d images reveal that the wastes are not homogeneous and pollutants are concentrated in some small regions randomly spread. they often correspond to lead oxide phases in slags and to ore phases as blende in sludge. their descriptions have also been supported by statistics issued from the image analysis software, aphelion. additional result deals with the capacity of x-ray computed microtomography for primary and secondary rhizosphere in situ analysis which can be measured precisely},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bernard2010,

title = {Metallic trace element body burdens and gene expression analysis of biomarker candidates in Eisenia fetida, using an ''exposure/depuration'' experimental scheme with field soils},

author = {Fabien Bernard and Franck Brulle and Francis Douay and Sébastien Lemière and Sylvain Demuynck and Franck Vandenbulcke},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},

volume = {73},

number = {5},

pages = {1034-1045},

abstract = {Smelting plant activities lead to the accumulation of metal trace elements (mtes) in soils. the presence of high concentrations of mtes can generate an environmental stress likely to affect macroinvertebrates living in close soil contact such as the annelida oligochaeta. eisenia fetida, an ecotoxicologically important test species, was successively exposed to two field soils: (1) a highly contaminated agricultural topsoil collected near the former smelter metaleurop nord (noyelles-godault, france) which contaminated surrounding soils by its atmospheric emissions [exposure phase], and then (2) a slightly contaminated topsoil from an urban garden located in the conurbation of lille (wambrechies) [depuration phase]. two analyses were performed during each phase. firstly, the gene expression levels of four biomarker candidates identified in previous studies were analyzed in e. fetida coelomocytes. these candidates are cd-metallothionein, phytochelatin synthase, coactosin-like protein and lysenin. secondly, the body burdens of the following elements cd, pb, zn, cu, fe, ca, and p were measured. moreover, both analyses were also performed in lumbricus rubellus, an annelid species collected from the two tested soil-originating sites. analysis of gene expression and mte body burdens in both species are discussed to: (1) evaluate expression biomarkers; (2) gain insight the detoxification processes and the long-term response to a metallic stress and (3) compare the responses observed in a test species (e. fetida) with the responses of a field species (l. rubellus). (c) 2010 elsevier inc. all rights reserved.},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@conference{Lemiere2010b,

title = {The GeDSeT project: (constitution of a decision support tool (DST) for the management and material recovery of waterways sediments in Belgium and Northern France)},

author = {Bruno Lemière and Pascale Michel and Jérôme Jacob and Laurence Haouche and Claire Alary and Agnès Laboudigue and Hervé Bréquel and B Hazebrouck},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

booktitle = {WASCON 2012 - towards effective, durable and sustainable production and use of alternative materials in construction, May 2012, Gothenburg (Suède)},

volume = {57},

pages = {9pp},

note = {ACTI},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {conference}

}

@conference{Lemiere2010a,

title = {Indoor microcosm studies for ecotoxicological evaluation of metal contaminated soil remediation agents},

author = {Sébastien Lemière and Jean-Philippe Godet and Marion Tanguy and Fabien Grumiaux and Régine Leroux and Franck Vandenbulcke and Sylvain Demuynck and Céline Pernin and Christelle Pruvot and Patrick Delplace and Francis Douay and Alain Leprêtre},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

booktitle = {SETAC Europe 20th Annual Meeting. 23-27 May 2010, Seville (Espagne)},

note = {ACTI},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {conference}

}

@article{Bourennane2010,

title = {Mapping of anthropogenic trace elements inputs in agricultural topsoil from Northern France using enrichment factors},

author = {Hocine Bourennane and Francis Douay and Thibault Sterckeman and Estelle Villanneau and Henri Ciesielski and Dominique King and Denis Baize},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Geoderma},

volume = {157},

number = {3-4},

pages = {165-174},

abstract = {Anthropogenic trace element contamination of soils in the densely populated and industrialized nord-pas de calais region (france) was quantified using enrichment factors (efs). total concentrations of al and 18 trace elements (as, bi, cd, co, cr, cu, hg, in, mn, mo, ni, pb, sb, se, sn, tl, v, and zn) were determined in 252 sampling sites both in topsoil and deep horizons of soils developed from sedimentary materials. thus, at each sampling site an enrichment factor was computed for each of the 18 trace elements as the ratio between total concentrations of the trace element in topsoil and deep horizons in the same soil pit, normalized by concentrations of al measured in the same horizons and the same pit. to estimate ef values at unsampled locations and then to assess the spatial magnitude of anthropogenic trace element contamination over the whole study area (12400 km(2)), variography analysis was used to quantify the spatial structure of each ef. results have shown that values of 8 efs are spatially correlated. these efs were thus mapped using the sequential gaussian simulation technique. one hundred horizon samples from 50 supplementary sites were analysed for the structured trace elements and al contents and used for the mapping validation. results of the validation based on the accuracy plots and goodness statistics (g and d) allowed us to conclude that ef maps exhibited high certainty in regard to the validation data set. in addition, results have shown that e-type estimates were accurate when they are used to estimate the measured ef value of the validation data set. accordingly, these maps were used to discuss the origin of patches of surface horizon enrichment displaying an exogenous input of the trace elements investigated. the whole study area under discussion is strongly enriched with cadmium, originating from both industrial and agricultural activities. surface horizons also exhibit locally high levels of pb and zn enrichment, mainly around well-known former or current industrial sites. however. pb and zn enriched surface horizons are far less widespread than those enriched in cd. higher cu, bi and sn ef values were observed in the northern part of the region studied than in the southern part. the dissimilarity underlined a rather diffuse contamination from the urbanized zone in the north to the rural zone in the south of the region. the enrichment of surface horizons by in and tl seems insignificant. some unstructured efs were attributes to point-source enrichments. (c) 2010 elsevier b.v. all rights reserved.},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@conference{Brulle2010a,

title = {Identification and analysis of the expression profiles of new biomarker candidates in Eisenia fetida: A transcriptomic approach},

author = {Franck Brulle and Claude Cocquerelle and Sébastien Lemière and Francis Douay and Alain Leprêtre and Franck Vandenbulcke},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

booktitle = {SETAC Europe 20th Annual Meeting. 23-27 May 2010, Seville (Espagne)},

note = {COM},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {conference}

}

@article{Thevenot2010,

title = {Fate of lignins in soils: A review},

author = {Mathieu Thevenot and Marie-France Dignac and Cornelia Rumpel},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Soil Biology & Biochemistry},

volume = {42},

number = {8},

pages = {1200-1211},

abstract = {Lignins are amongst the most studied macromolecules in natural environments. during the last decades, lignins were considered as important components for the carbon cycle in soils, and particularly for the carbon storage. thus, they are an important variable in many soil plant models such as century and rothc, and appeared determinant for the estimation of the soil organic matter (som) pool-size and its stabilization. recent studies challenged this point of view. the aim of this paper was to synthesise the current knowledge and recent progress about quantity, composition and turnover of lignins in soils and to identify variables determining lignin residence time. in soils, lignins evolve under the influence of various variables and processes such as their degradation or mineralization, as well as their incorporation into som. lignin-derived products obtained after cuo oxidation can be used as environmental biomarkers, and also vary with the degree of degradation of the molecule. the lignin degradation is related to the nature of vegetation and land-use, but also to the climate and soil characteristics. lignin content of som decreases with decreasing size of the granulometric fractions, whereas its level of degradation increases concomitantly. many studies and our results suggest the accumulation and potential stabilization of a part of lignins in soils, by interaction with the clay minerals, although the mechanisms remain unclear. lignin turnover in soils could be faster than that of the total som. different kinetic pools of lignins were suggested, which sizes seem to be variable for different soil types. the mechanisms behind different degradation kinetics as well as their potential stabilization behaviour still need to be elucidated. (c) 2010 elsevier ltd. all rights reserved.},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Brulle2010b,

title = {Transcriptomic underpinning of toxicant-mediated physiological function alterations in three terrestrial invertebrate taxa: A review},

author = {Franck Brulle and Andrew-John Morgan and Claude Cocquerelle and Franck Vandenbulcke},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Environmental Pollution},

volume = {158},

number = {9},

pages = {2793-2808},

abstract = {Diverse anthropogenic activities often lead to the accumulation of inorganic and organic residues in topsoils. biota living in close contact with contaminated soils may experience stress at different levels of biological organisation throughout the continuum from the molecular-genetic to ecological and community levels. to date, the relationship between changes at the molecular (mrna expression) and biochemical/physiological levels evoked by exposures to chemical compounds has been partially established in a limited number of terrestrial invertebrate species. recently, the advent of a family of transcriptomic tools (e.g. real-time pcr, subtractive suppressive hybridization, expressed sequence tag sequencing, pyro-sequencing technologies, microarray chips), together with supporting informatic and statistical procedures, have permitted the robust analyses of global gene expression changes within an ecotoxicological context. this review focuses on how transcriptomics is enlightening our understanding of the molecular-genetic responses of three contrasting terrestrial macroinvertebrate taxa (nematodes, earthworms, and springtails) to inorganics, organics, and agrochemicals},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Waterlot2009,

title = {The problem of arsenic interference in the analysis of Cd to evaluate its extractability in soils contaminated by arsenic},

author = {Christophe Waterlot and Francis Douay},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Talanta},

volume = {80},

pages = {716-722},

abstract = {The arsenic (as) spectral interference observed in the determination of cadmium (cd) by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (icp-aes) was studied in atomic absorption spectrometry (aas) using flame (faas) and graphite furnace (gfaas) as atomizers. the soils of 15 kitchen gardens located near two smelters in the north of france were selected according the ratio as/cd. four different extracting solutions usually used to evaluate the mobility of cd were chosen to extract cd from these soil samples: citric acid 0.11 m, acetic acid 0.11 m, calcium chloride 0.01m and water. the quantitative determinations of cd in the 15 soils for each solvent were investigated by icp-aes at two lines (228.802 and 214.438 nm) and by faas or gfaas with two-way background compensation. compared to the cd concentrations measured in the acid solutions and in the cacl2 solution after the addition of a chemical modifier, it was clearly demonstrated that the high-speed self-reversal background compensation (hssr-method) was the method of choice to eliminate the spectral interference of as during cd determination by faas and by gfaas. in water, it was shown that the deuterium lamp used for the background compensation (d2-method) was able to eliminate the most of the as interference. in comparison with cd concentrations in water after adding a chemical modifier, those obtained with the hssr-method were similar and a very good correlation was obtained between these two methods (r2 = 0.995). it was therefore established that the hssr-method would be able to replace the chemical modifiers to eliminate as interference in the determination of cd-extractable from as contaminated soils.},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Detriche2009b,

title = {Late Holocene water level fluctuations of Lake Afourgagh (Middle-Atlas Mountains, Morocco) inferred from charophyte remains},

author = {Sébastien Détriché and Jean-Gabriel Bréhéret and I Soulié-Märsche and L’houcine Karrat and Jean-Jacques Macaire},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology},

volume = {283},

number = {3-4},

pages = {134-147},

abstract = {Water level fluctuations of lake afourgagh (middle-atlas mountains, morocco) over the last 2500 years (late holocene) have been reconstructed using charophyte remains in the lake sediment archives. the study involved 22 pits (1–3 m deep) dug along a transect across the lake shore terrace. biogenic activity appears to be a dominant contributor to the accumulation of the lake sediments, as the thickest deposits are tufas composed of charophyte-encrusted stems with numerous gyrogonites (termed “charophyte tufas”). the gyrogonites were identified as chara aspera and chara hispida remains. the spatial distribution of these two species, measured vertically within a single core and horizontally along the shore terrace, varies according to bathymetry. shallow proximal environments are characterized by the development of c. aspera, whereas c. hispida remains are mostly observed in distal sediments. moreover, according to their ecological characteristics, the c. hispida belt migrated proximally when the water level rose, whereas the c. aspera belt migrated distally when the water level fell. these trends were observed successively in a single charophyte tufa layer which records the rise, highstand, and fall of lake level in a single depositional sequence. the late holocene palaeobathymetry of lake afourgagh was inferred by comparing data on charophyte remains and deposit geometry. data provide evidence for four major low lake level phases (estimated in terms of amplitude) which induced the development of palaeosols in proximal settings at 2191 cal. bp, 1769 bp, 1515 cal. bp and 1062 cal. bp. these results confirm the accuracy of charophyte-based palaeobathymetry studies},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@conference{Waterlot2009a,

title = {Évaluation d'une méthode de dosage du cadmium dans les solutions d’extraction de sols de potagers localisés aux alentours d’une ancienne fonderie de plomb},

author = {Christophe Waterlot and Christelle Pruvot and Francis Douay},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

booktitle = {2ème Rencontres Nationales de la Recherche sur les Sites & Sols Pollués, ADEME. 20-21 octobre 2009, Paris},

abstract = {Les activités passées de la fonderie de plomb metaleurop nord (1873 – 2003) située à noyelles- godault ont entraîné des rejets dans l’atmosphère de quantités importantes de poussières. ceux-ci ont engendré une forte contamination des sols aux alentours. des travaux antérieurs ont ainsi montré que les concentrations totales en cd, pb et zn dans les horizons labourés des sols agricoles du secteur excédaient fortement les teneurs agricoles habituelles régionales (sterckeman et al. 2000). dans une moindre mesure, il a aussi été constaté une contamination en ag, as, bi, cu, hg, in, ni, sb, se, sn et tl (sterckeman et al. 2002). plus récemment, douay et al. (2008) ont mis en évidence un degré de contamination en cd, pb et zn, mais aussi en bi, in, sb et as des sols urbains du secteur, supérieur à celui des sols agricoles situés dans le même contexte environnemental. ceci pourrait être expliqué par des remaniements et les pratiques des jardiniers, mais aussi par des apports en liaison avec l’utilisation du charbon pour les besoins domestiques. quels que soient leurs usages, les sols aux alentours de metaleurop nord présentent une contamination multi métallique pouvant engendrer des interférences lors du dosage de certains éléments. ainsi, les teneurs en cd mesurées peuvent différer selon les techniques analytiques utilisées. la détermination des teneurs en cd dans les solutions d’extraction en utilisant la spectrométrie d’émission atomique couplée à une torche à plasma (icp-aes : inductively coupled plasma – atomic emission spectrometry) peut présenter des inconvénients. ceux-ci sont particulièrement rencontrés lorsque les matrices digérées présentent des teneurs élevées en fe, en al, mais aussi en as, en comparaison avec celles en cd (lambkin and alloway 2000). c’est notamment le cas des sols aux alentours de metaleurop nord. par ailleurs, les longueurs d’onde 228,802 nm, 214,438 nm et 226,502 nm caractéristiques des raies d’émission de cd définissent celles relatives aux émissions secondaires respectivement de as, al et fe. des interférences spectrales causées par ces éléments au cours du dosage de cd peuvent donc engendrer une surévaluation ou une sous-évaluation des teneurs en cd mesurées (lambkin and alloway 2000). le dosage de cd par spectrométrie d’absorption atomique à la longueur d’onde caractéristique de la raie principale d’absorption de cet élément permet de s’affranchir des interférences spectrales causées par fe et al. cette technique de dosage élimine partiellement les interférences spectrales entre as et cd (lambkin and alloway 2000). en revanche, les caractéristiques des spectromètres d’absorption atomique (saa) ne permettent pas à ce jour de s’affranchir totalement des interférences spectrales entre ces deux éléments, et ceci en raison des longueurs d’onde d’absorption très proches qui les caractérisent (ıcd = 228,802 nm et ıas = 228,812 nm). la présentation porte sur l’évaluation d’une méthode de correction du bruit de fond généré par as au cours du dosage de cd dans les solutions d’extraction de sols urbains présentant des teneurs en as parfois supérieures à celles en cd. localisés à moins de 2 km de l’ancien site métallurgique metaleurop nord, les horizons labourés de 10 sols de potagers ont été échantillonnés. après séchage à une température inférieures à à 40°c, les terres ont été homogénéisées, puis broyées pour passer au travers d’un tamis de 315 μm. des extractions à l’eau ultra pure, au chlorure de calcium 0,01 m et à l’acide citrique 0,11 m ont été réalisées en triplicat sur chacun des échantillons composites. les teneurs en cd et en as des solutions obtenues ont été déterminées par icp-aes aux longueurs d’onde ıcd = 228,802 nm, ııcd = 214,438 nm et ıas = 193,696 nm. la démarche a été complétée par la détermination en saa de leurs teneurs en cd en utilisant deux modes de correction du bruit causée par l’espèce concomitante, as. le premier, appelé bgc-d2 (deuterium background correction) nécessite l’utilisation d’une lampe au deutérium. le second mode, dénommé bgc-sr (self reversal background correction), est basé sur l’utilisation d’une lampe cd à cathode creuse pulsée avec un courant dont l’intensité varie au cours du temps.},

note = {ACTN},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {conference}

}

@article{Douay2009,

title = {Contamination of woody habitat soils around a former lead smelter in the North of France},

author = {Francis Douay and Christelle Pruvot and Christophe Waterlot and Clémentine Fritsch and Hervé Fourrier and Alexandre Loriette and Géraldine Bidar and Cécile Grand and Annette De-Vaufleury and Renaud Scheifler},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Science of the Total Environment},

volume = {407},

number = {21},

pages = {5564-5577},

abstract = {The Contamination of the Topsoil of 262 Woody Habitats around a Former Lead Smelter in the North of France Was Assessed. in This Urbanized and Industrialized Area, These Kinds of Habitats Comprise of Hedges, Groves, Small Woods, Anthropogenic Creations and One Large Forest. except for the Latter, Which Is 3 Km Away, These Woody Habitat Soils Often Present a High Anthropization Degree (a Significant Amount of Pebbles and Stones Related to Human Activities) with a High Metal Contamination. in the Studied Woody Habitat Topsoils, Cd, Pb and Zn Concentrations Largely Exceeded Those of Agricultural Topsoils Located in the Same Environmental Context. Therefore, Atmospheric Emissions from the Smelter Are Not the Only Cause of the High Contamination of the Woody Habitat Soils. This Last One Is Related to the Nature and the Contamination Level of Deposit in Relation with Human Activities (rubbles, Slag, Soils, Etc). with Regard to the Results Obtained with Chemical Extractions, the Mobility of Cd, Pb and Zn in These Soils Is Also Greater Than in Agricultural Soils. in the Forest, Pollutant Solubility Is Increased by Soil Acidic Ph. the Variability of the Physico-chemical Parameters and the High Metal Contamination of the Topsoils Are the Main Characteristics of the Woody Habitats Located around the Former Smelter. Although Never Taken into Account during Risk Assessment, the Disturbance of These Environmental Components Could Have Important Biogeochemical Impacts (nutrients and Metal Cycles). Moreover, Any Modification of the Soils' Use Could Potentially Cause Mobilization and Transfer of the Pollutants to the Biosphere. Six Years After the Closure of the Smelter, and As Social and Economic Pressures Considerably Increase in This Area, the Study of These Peculiar Ecosystems Is Necessary to Understand and Predict the Bioavailability, Transfer, Bioaccumulation and Effects of Pollutants in Food Chains.},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Follain2009,

title = {A method for assessing available phosphorus content in arable topsoils over large spatial scales},

author = {Stéphane Follain and Christian Schvartz and Pascal Denoroy and Christine Villette and Nicolas-P-A Saby and Dominique Arrouays and Blandine Lemercier and Christian Walter},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Agronomy for Sustainable Development},

volume = {29},

number = {2},

pages = {371-379},

abstract = {Human activities, and more specifically agricultural activities, have modified the way the ecosystem functions through the use of fertilizers. when these inputs are not being utilized reasonably, they can lead to a degradation in both soil and water quality. as a result of the subsequent environmental problems and socio-economic constraints, the concept of sustainable fertilization was born. the main goal behind sustainable fertilization is to reduce the amount of fertilizers used while maintaining soil fertility and farmer revenues. we have designed herein a methodology for assessing the phosphorus bioavailability in arable topsoils on france's national scale, on the basis of this sustainable fertilization concept. we will consider the sustainability of a cropping system that requires balancing nutrient removal from the soil by fertilization, in order to avoid environmental risks. the originality of this method lies in quantitative results stemming from the french soil test database (bdat) and their evaluation using the regifert software, which incorporates soil characteristics and crop sensitivity to nutrient availability. according to the proposed procedure, we determined the phosphorus bioavailability class of french arable soils at the cantonal scale. cantons are areas of average surface of 140 km2. this methodology constitutes an attempt to gather all analytical results into a common diagnostic framework on the national scale (for france), while taking into account the local pedological context and crop production requirements. with this procedure, we are able to conclude that 77% of cantons are situated below the critical level regarding crop needs. furthermore, this diagnosis suggests that the available phosphorus content in soils is considered insufficient with respect to any crop potential requirement. from an environmental standpoint, however, this situation could be considered as generating the lowest pollution risk. nevertheless, 23% of the cantons exhibit a soil phosphorus accumulation that is not necessary with regard to agricultural uses. in this case, no fertilization is required and the pollution risk is increased. on the national scale, bioavailability class frequencies are structured spatially, with gradients correlated to soil parameter spatial distribution, and tend to reflect land use patterns},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Piou2009,

title = {Changes in the geochemistry and ecotoxicity of a Zn and Cd contaminated dredged sediment over time after land disposal},

author = {Stéphanie Piou and Philippe Bataillard and Agnès Laboudigue and Jean-François Férard and Jean-François Masfaraud},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Environmental Research},

volume = {106},

number = {9},

pages = {712-720},

abstract = {The management of dredged sediments is of environmental concern worldwide since they may be overloaded with myriads of pollutants. for inland waters’ sediments, disposal on land is a common practice. for the long-term risks assessment of such a management, a better understanding of the fate of pollutants over time and an assessment of possible associated biological consequences are needed. here, we studied the geochemical distribution of fe, mn, zn and cd in sediment dredged from the scarpe canal (nord-pas-de-calais region, france). analyses were carried out immediately after dredging and 12, 18 and 24 months after disposal in field conditions. in parallel, ecotoxicity of sediment leachates was assessed using standardized bioassays. the results reflected an initial oxidation of sulphides (first year) followed by changes explained by a reversible binding of metals to organic matter in winter and to fe oxihydroxides in summer. the water-leachable fraction represented less than 2% of the total metal and its ecotoxicity was higher for deposited sediments than for the fresh one. after first year of disposal, sediment ecotoxicity remained stable. a long-term natural attenuation of metals within disposed sediment seemed unlikely since their speciation seemed to fluctuate seasonally without any time trend over years.},

note = {ACL},

keywords = {ER4},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}